墨普德教授：外來話語對創作的影響不局限於異國元素

全球各地的著名詩人總是不斷受到外來文學影響的。泰戈爾也不例外，他不僅受到了西方詩人的影響，古印度知識寶庫《奧義書》中的哲學也讓他受益匪淺。他的一些詩歌靈感源自蘇格蘭和愛爾蘭旋律；他的一些兩行詩則受到了日本俳句的啟發。泰戈爾的所有作品都蘊含著他的母語——孟加拉語的形式美感。另一位孟加拉詩人納扎魯爾的創作也受到了西亞文化和普世主義的重大影響，後者在泰戈爾的作品中也有表現。外來話語對一個人創作的影響不局限於其作品是否包含異國元素。在全球化的今天，外國人或外來影響對詩歌創作到底意味著什麼呢？就算只看一個民族，我們也可以找到其他詩人或作家對一個人詩歌創作留下的痕迹。

就我個人而言，我十歲就開始作詩了。我的母語是孟加拉語，這門語言貢獻了涵蓋無數角度的豐富文學作品。我的詩歌最初受泰戈爾風格的影響，主要表現在對大自然的禮讚上。在後來的學生時代，我簡直成了小納扎魯爾。在我學習中國文化的過程中，我的詩歌受到了中國古代哲學的影響。對中國語言文化的了解豐富了我的詩歌創作，我甚至還用中文作了幾首唐詩，因此我的很多詩歌都有中國文化象徵。早年間我還用孟加拉語翻譯了大量的唐詩。近年來，我的一些兩行詩開始使用日本傳統詩體俳句的5-7-5音節模式。我的早期詩歌也受到了俄羅斯詩人普希金的影響。俄羅斯廣闊無垠的草原和孟加拉農村綿延數里的綠油油稻田同樣對我有很大的吸引力，以至於我的許多詩歌都是在訴說著開闊的空間。但在全球化的物質狂飆下，這些開闊空間正在快速消散。我的詩有時在本質上是一種政治諷刺。這種諷刺往往直擊要害，質疑日常政治話語中自鳴得意的愛國主義或偽世俗主義是否成立。在全球幾乎所有有人文情懷的敏感詩人那裡，這種詩意的話語都經常出現或者再現。

Inthe Quest for a Universal Poetic Genre

—Prof. PriyadarsiMukherji

J.N.U.,NewDelhi, India

Poets across the world with extraordinary reputation have invariablybeen influenced by foreign literature. Our revered poet Tagore too wasinfluenced not only by western poets but also by thephilosophyof theUpanishads, a grand repository of ancient Indian knowledge. Some of Tagore』ssongs have been influenced by Scottish and Irish melodies. Likewise, some ofhis couplets were influenced by the Japanese Haiku. The entire corpus ofTagore』s works attained its charm in its original form in Bengali. AnotherBengali poet Kazi Nazrul Islam』s compositions at times were heavily influencedby the West Asian cultures as well as the universalism as reflected in theworks of Tagore. The discourse of foreign influence on one』s personalcomposition is not restricted by whether the writings contain foreigncomponents. In a globalized world, what do we, after all, mean by foreign, orforeign influence on one』s poetic composition? Within a single ethnicframework, one can find the traces of other poets or writers in one』s poeticcreation.

In my case, I have been a poet since I was ten. My mother tongue isBengali, the language in which some of the richest literature have been createdin terms of all dimensions. My poetry was initially influenced by the genres ofTagore. The eulogy of Nature was one such aspect. Later during my student days,my poetry became a tiny carrier of Nazrul』s thoughts. My poems got influencedby the ancient Chinesephilosophyat a time when I had been a student ofChinese culture. The knowledge of Chinese language and culture enriched mypoetic creation to the extent that I also wrote poems in Chinese in a Tangrhythmic pattern. I translated a number of Tang poems into Bengali in my earlyyears. Many of my poems were marked with Chinese cultural symbolisms. In recentyears, some of my couplets began incorporating the 5-7-5 syllabic pattern ofHaiku, typical of the Japanese tradition. In the early days, my poems were alsoinfluenced by the Russian poet Pushkin. The vast wilderness of the Russiansteppes and the green paddy fields for miles in the countryside ofBengal—appealed me so much that many of my poems talk of the open space that isfast getting depleted by the wild drive for material development in this worldin the name of globalization. My poems sometimes have been a political satirein their very essence—to a great extent with hard-hitting phrases, seeking toquestion the validity of self-assumed patriotism or pseudo-secularism existingin our daily political discourse. Such poetic phrases often intermingle withthe genre that have been generated and regenerated in the thoughts of almostall sensitive humanist poets of the world.

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