那些引起爭議的藝術品

自由女神像、比薩斜塔、埃菲爾鐵塔、蒙克的《吶喊》，和埃及的獅身人面像，都是著名的藝術傑作。然而，它們都有一些超脫於流行文化嗅覺範疇之外引人入勝的真相。無論是已消失多年，還是自始至終隱匿於普通視線之外，有許多關於偉大藝術作品的事，我們聞所未聞。

The statue of Liberty, Leaning Tower ofPisa, Eiffel Tower, Munch"s The Scream, and Sphinx of Egypt are all well-knownworks of art. However, they have some really intriguing facts that have slippedunder the radar of pop culture. Whether they"re things that disappeared yearsago or things that have been hiding in plain sight the whole time, there areplenty of things that we never hear about great works of art.

1、米開朗基羅的《最後的審判》

Michelangelo"s Last Judgment

▲《最後的審判》(Giudizio universale，The Last Judgment)，1536 - 1541年，濕壁畫，1370 × 1220公分，羅馬，梵蒂岡西斯汀禮拜堂

教皇克萊蒙特七世在去世前不久曾與米開朗基羅訂立合約，讓他在西斯廷教堂的牆壁上創作一幅畫《最後的審判》。這幅畫要表現最後一天，也叫做"審判日"，即耶穌重返世界的日子。然而，當米開朗基羅令包括耶穌及其母親瑪麗在內的幾個人物以裸體呈現，展露出他們的私處後，該作品帶來了一些爭議。

Not long before he died, Pope Clement VII contracted Michelangelo to create a painting oftheLast Judgment on the walls of the Sistine Chapel. The drawing is supposed to representthe lastday, also called the "Judgment Day," when Jesus Christ would return to the world.The artwork,however, generated some controversy after Michelangelo drew several of thecharacters naked,showing their private parts, including that of Jesus Christ and his motherMary.

這幅作品在一位發起"無花果葉運動"的紅衣主教那裡並不受歡迎，他的目的是將畫作進行去除或刪減。教廷大司儀切塞納也加入其中，唿吁對畫作進行刪除或完全去除。他認為這幅畫更適合展示在公共浴室或酒吧里，而不是教堂。這激怒了米開朗基羅，他用切塞納的臉替換了冥王米諾斯，並且在切塞納的頭上畫了一幅驢的耳朵，以示他的"愚蠢"。直到公元1564年特倫特會議召開前，畫作上的裸體一直存在。特倫特決定，裸體應被braghes(即"褲子")蓋上，如無花果葉或布料。在1993年修復過程中，約有一半覆蓋人物私處的braghes被移除，可以看得出，米開朗基羅實際上是畫了一條蛇盤踞在米諾斯的腰上並咬他的大腿根兒。

This didn"t go down well with a cardinal who began the "Fig Leaf Campaign" with the aimofhaving the drawing totally removed or heavily censored. The Pope"s Master of Ceremony,Biagioda Cesena, also joined in, calling for the censoring or total removal of the drawing,whichaccording to him, was better suited to be displayed in a public bath or bar instead of achurch.This angered Michelangelo who then used Cesena"s face for the face of Minos—thegod of theunderworld. He also added the ears of a donkey to it to denote Cesena"s"foolishness."Thenude images remained in the church till A.D. 1564 when the Council ofTrent decided that theyshould be covered by braghes (literally meaning "pants"), such as figleaves or draped fabrics.During restoration works in 1993, about half of the braghes put overthe characters" privateparts were removed and it was seen that Michelangelo had actuallypainted Minos with a snakecoiled round his waist biting him in the groin.

2、拉什莫爾山的時間膠囊

Mount Rushmore Time Capsule

拉什莫爾山的不完整眾所周知，但極少人知道它的時間膠囊。在建造拉什莫爾時，它的總建造師博格勒姆想要蓋一座大禮堂作為一個大會客廳，用來放置所有美國歷史上重要的文件。他認為，如果放置一些重要的文件和憲章，如《獨立宣言》和《憲法》，能夠使本已解除的紀念碑變得更加意義非凡。不幸的是，資金缺乏和空間有限阻止了他的想法，直到1941年他去世，留下了這未完成的作品。

While it is well-known that Mount Rushmore is incomplete, few people know about itstimecapsule. While building Rushmore, its chief architect Gutzon Borglum wanted to createa largehall which would serve as a grand room where all of the important documents inAmericanhistory would be kept. He thought adding important documents and charters liketheDeclaration of Independence and the Constitution would make the alreadyoutstandingmonument more significant. Unfortunately, he was hindered by a lack of moneyand space untilhe died in 1941, leaving the work incomplete.

1998年，《憲法》、包含著《獨立宣言》、《人權法案》內容的16塊搪瓷板，連同博格勒姆的回憶錄和山上有雕像的那四位總統們的軼事，都被放入一個鈦保險庫里，封入為其建好的大禮堂中。這些文件將被原封不動地封存數千年。

In 1998, the Constitution, 16 porcelain enamel panels containing the text from theDeclarationof Independence and the Bill of Rights along with a memoir of Borglum, and thestories aboutthe presidents sculpted into the mountain were placed in a titanium vault andsealed inside theunfinished hall. These documents are to be left sealed and untouched forthousands of years.

3、X夫人的醜聞

The Madame X Scandal

《X夫人的畫像》是由年輕移民名流約翰·辛格·薩金特以維吉妮·阿維尼·高雷為模特創造的一幅名畫。薩金特期待這幅畫能令他名聲大噪。由於被認為是下流的，這副畫像的確使他名聲鵲起，亦或臭名昭著。

The Portrait of Madame X is a prominent painting by a young American immigrantandcelebrity named John Singer Sargent of Virginie Avegno Gautreau. Sargent had hopedthatMadame X would make his reputation. The portrait did make him famous, orinfamous,because of its supposed indecency.

畫作在展出之後，遭到了嚴厲的批判和嘲諷。批評的主要原因是畫像上右邊的肩帶。最初的畫像上，肩帶從模特的右肩滑落，香肩半露。隨之而來的流言蜚語不得不令薩金特移居到英國。高雷家族因這一醜聞而倍感羞愧，並請求薩金特收回畫作。薩金特為努力平息批評和撫慰公眾，把肩帶修改在今天我們所看到的位置上。

After it was exhibited at the Salon, the portrait was highly criticized and mocked. Themajorreason behind the criticism was the right strap in the portrait. The strap in the earlyportraitcan be seen falling off her right shoulder, revealing a little more of the model"s skin.Thescandal that followed was so intense that Sargent had to move to Britain.The Gautreaufamilywas ashamed of the scandal and pleaded with Sargent to withdraw the painting.Sargent, inan effort to pacify the critics and public, repainted the strap into what we see inthe portraittoday.

4、金門大橋的顏色危機

The Golden Gate Bridge Color Crisis

金門大橋保持著世界上最上鏡的記錄。有趣的是，美國海軍從不願建這座橋，因為他們擔心，如果橋被炸毀，將使他們的船卡在舊金山灣的碼頭。後來，海軍對於橋的修建意見達成了一致。然而，他們不喜歡將要給橋粉刷的顏色。他們聯合軍隊，希望橋被粉刷成在霧中也能見的黑黃色的線條。

The Golden Gate Bridge holds the record as the most photographed bridge in theworld.Interestingly, the US Navy never wanted the bridge to be built because they feared thatif thebridge was bombed and destroyed, it would trap their ships docked in the SanFrancisco Bay.The Navy later gave their consent to the construction of the bridge. However,they did not likethe color that the bridge was going to be painted. They, along with the Army,wanted thebridge to be painted in black and yellow stripes so that it would be visible in thefog.

然而，橋的建造師歐文·莫洛另有想法。當建橋用的鋼運抵舊金山時，為了進一步粉刷已經被塗了一層底漆。那時，大多橋樑都被粉刷為灰色、棕色和黑色，但莫洛將這座橋塗成了與底漆類似的"國際標準橘色"，不僅在霧中可見，它還與天空和海灣形成對比而更具魅力。

However, the bridge"s architect, Irving Morrow, had a different plan. When the steel to beusedfor the bridge arrived in San Francisco, it was already painted with a base coat toprepare thesteel for more paint. Back then, most bridges were coated in grey, brown, andblack, butMorrow had it painted in "international orange," similar to the color of the basecoat. Not only isinternational orange visible in fogs, it also complements and contrasts withthe blues of the skyand the bay.

5、達芬奇的音樂密碼

Da Vinci"s Hidden Music

2007年，喬萬尼·瑪利亞·帕拉，一位義大利計算機工程師和音樂家，聲稱他已找到了達芬奇那幅著名畫作《最後的晚餐》的音符。據帕拉說，如果在畫里畫上五條樂譜，那麼，耶穌的手、使徒們的手、和桌上的幾片麵包就能勾勒出一個從右往左讀時有意義的樂譜。

In 2007, Giovanni Maria Pala, an Italian computertechnician and musician, stated that hehaduncovered musical notes in Da Vinci"s famouspainting The Last Supper. According toPala, if onedraws the five lines of the musical staff across thepainting; the hands of JesusChrist, the hands of hisapostles, and the loaves of bread on the table woulddepict a musicalnote which would make sense whenread from right to left.

人們知道達芬奇是個音樂愛好者，他在作品中寫入了從右往左讀的音樂密碼。位於托斯卡納的達芬奇博物館館長韋佐西認為，帕拉的觀點是"可信的"。他還談到，達芬奇會彈里爾琴，並素描過幾種樂器。"看到並不存在的東西通常是有風險的，但(畫作里的)空間的確是協調分割的"，他說，"哪裡有協調的比例，哪裡就能發現音樂。"

Da Vinci was known to be a music enthusiast who incorporated musical riddles in hiswritingswhich must be read from right to left. Alessandro Vezzosi, the director of adedicated Da Vincimuseum in Tuscany believed Pala"s proposition is "plausible." Vezzosialso stated that DaVinci played the lyre and sketched several musical instruments."There"salways a risk of seeingsomething that is not there, but it"s certain that the spaces (in thepainting) are dividedharmonically," he said. "Where you have harmonic proportions, you canfind music."

6、獅身人面像遺失的鬍鬚

The Sphinx"s Missing Beard

獅身人面像在最初建造時並沒有鬍鬚，而是建好後粘上去的，有可能是為了把獅身人面像與埃及神之一赫魯埃姆阿克特神聯繫起來，也可能是想讓獅身人面像仿效經常戴著象徵權威的假鬍子的埃及法老，並將他們與奧西里斯(古埃及神話中的地獄判官)聯繫起來。

The Sphinx was not originally constructedwith a beard. Instead, it was attached long after it was constructed. It wasadded probably to relate the Sphinx with Horemakhet—one of the Egyptian gods.It may also have been intended for the Sphinx take after the Egyptian pharaohs,who often wore artificial beards as a symbol of authority, and to associatethem with the god Osiris.

鬍鬚的三十分之一目前陳列在大英博物館。它是義大利的埃及古物學家喬瓦尼·卡維利亞提供給博物館的，他於1817年將完全掩埋在沙子里的獅身人面像部分挖掘出來。獅身人面像鬍鬚的其他部分也在1925年到1926年間被找到，當時沙子已再次覆蓋了獅身人面像。

One-thirtieth of the beard is currently inthe British museum. It was presented to the museum by the Italian EgyptologistGiovanni Caviglia, who excavated parts of the Sphinx in 1817, when it wasalmost completely covered in sand. Several other parts of the Sphinx"s beardwere also found between 1925 and 1926 when sand was excavated from the Sphinxagain.

7、自由女神像腳下的鎖鏈

The Chain At The Foot Of The Statue OfLiberty

2011年，當被問及自由女神像象徵什麼，阿拉斯加州前州長莎拉·帕丁說，"她當然是作為美國人的象徵而被別國的人們所記起，她當然象徵著拜法國人的賜予——警醒著我們永遠不要重蹈他們的覆轍。不幸的是，莎拉·帕丁完全錯了，她所說的與自由女神所代表的真正含義恰恰相反。和帕丁一樣，許多人並不知道這座雕像與奴隸制的關聯。

In 2011, when asked what the Statue ofLiberty symbolized, former Governor of Alaska Sarah Palin said, "It is, ofcourse, the symbol for Americans to be reminded of other countries because thiswas gifted us, of course, by the French—other countries warning us to nevermake the mistakes that some of them had made." Unfortunately, Sarah Palinwas totally wrong, as she stated the exact opposite of what Lady Libertyrepresents. And just like Palin, many people do not know of the statue"sconnection to slavery.

著名的法國政治家和廢奴主義者愛德華·德·拉布萊伊才是站在自由女神像背後的人。他是為廢奴而鬥爭的林肯總統的鐵杠支持者。這座雕像不像帕丁所說的是警醒美國的禮物，相反地，它是慶祝自由、民主和所有奴役的終結，並以之為榮的禮物。這便是自由女神的腳下有條斷鏈的原因。由於斷鏈位於女神的左腳邊，被袍子覆蓋著，所以通常情況下遊客是看不見的，只有從頂端才能發現。

Edouard de Laboulaye, a famous Frenchpolitician and abolitionist, is the man behind the Statue of Liberty. He was afirm backer of President Lincoln, who was fighting for the abolition ofslavery. The statue was not a gift to warn the United States as Palin hadstated. Instead, it was a gift to honor and celebrate freedom, democracy, andthe end of all forms of servitude. That is why Lady Liberty has a broken chainat her foot. The chain is usually invisible to tourists because it is beneathher robe by the side of her left foot and can only be seen from the top.

8、比薩斜塔的匿名建築師

The Leaning Tower Of Pisa"s UnknownArchitect

比薩斜塔在義大利語里也叫做Torre Pendente di Pisa,既是一座紀念碑也是一個奇蹟。儘管，它與眾不同的傾斜原因盡人皆知(它的地基不牢)，而它的設計者卻名不見經傳。

Also known as Torre Pendente di Pisa, theLeaning Tower of Pisa doubles as both a monument and a mystery. While thereason for its rather distinctive leaning is well-known (it has a weakfoundation), no one knows who designed it.

最初，塔是為比薩市的天主教堂而建造的一個獨立鐘樓(亦稱獨立鐘塔)。這種塔在10世紀的義大利很普遍，它們被認為是所在鎮子的權力與財富的象徵。然而，建造比薩斜塔是為了吸引人們來到天主教堂。無人知曉塔的設計者，主要是因為塔的建造完成幾乎花費了二百年。歷史學家們曾認為，塔是由博南諾·皮薩諾設計的，但這一觀點是有爭議的。因設計了城市的洗禮堂和聖尼古拉鐘樓，一位名為迪奧提莎維的人被認為最有可能是比薩斜塔的設計者。

The Tower was originally meant to be astand-alone bell tower (or campanile) for the city of Pisa"s cathedral. Such towerswere common in 10th-century Italy as they were believed to symbolize howpowerful and wealthy the town was. The leaning tower of Pisa, however, wasbuilt to attract people to the cathedral in Pisa.The major reason why no oneknows who designed the tower is because the tower took almost 200 years tocomplete. Historians used to think the tower was designed by Bonanno Pisano,but this is disputed. An architect named Diotisalvi is seen as the more likelyperson to have designed the tower because he designed the city"s baptistery andthe San Nicola Bell Tower.

9、《吶喊》背後的靈感

The Inspiration Behind The Scream

愛德華·蒙克的《吶喊》是20世紀最具標誌性的畫作之一，它被精心策劃地盜竊犯盜走過不止一次。據蒙克所說，一天他和他的朋友走在路上，當看到"天空變得血紅"時他感到難以置信的疲倦，同時聽到一聲"來自大自然界的巨大尖叫聲"。多年來，蒙克的靈感被認為是想像出來的，直到最近才被揭秘，1883年印度尼西亞的喀拉喀托火山爆發，那一日的天空可能的確是紅色的。

Edvard Munch"s The Scream is one of themost iconic paintings of the 20th century—so iconic it was elaborately stolenmore than once. According to Munch, The Scream was inspired the day he waswalking with his friends and saw that "the sky turned as red asblood," before feeling incredibly tired and hearing an "enormousinfinite scream of nature." For years Munch"s inspiration was thought tobe imagined until it was recently discovered that the sky that day probablyactually was red that day as a result of the 1883 eruption of Krakatoa inIndonesia.

火山的衝擊力波及到了紐約，據報道紐約的天是"深紅色的"。兩天後，蒙克所在的小鎮感覺到了同樣的衝擊力，鎮上的報紙稱，"人們以為那是一團火：但實際上那是日落後在朦朧的空氣中反射出的紅色。"也許孟克的畫里那可怕的尖叫聲是想像出來的，而天空應該不是想像出來的吧。

The volcano"s impact was felt as far as NewYork where the sky was reported to be "crimsoned." This same impactwas felt in Munch"s town two days later with the town newspaper stating that"People believed it was a fire: but it was actually a red refraction inthe hazy atmosphere after sunset."While the terrifying scream in Munch"spainting was imagined, the sky was probably not.

10、埃菲爾鐵塔的神秘房間

The Eiffel Tower"s Secret Room

埃菲爾鐵塔有個秘密的公寓藏匿於塔的最高一層。這個房間屬於設計該塔的工程師古斯塔夫·埃菲爾所有。1890年，埃菲爾鐵塔開放之後，法國作家亨利·吉拉德(Henri Girard)曾說過，古斯塔夫·埃菲爾是巴黎市民"普遍羨慕的對象"。

The Eiffel Tower has a secret apartmenthidden within its highest level. The apartment is owned by Gustave Eiffel—theengineer who designed the tower. In 1890, the year after the Eiffel Tower wasopened, French writer Henri Girard, stated that Gustave Eiffel was an"object of general envy" among the citizens of Paris.

據吉拉德所言，這種羨慕不僅源於古斯塔夫作為塔的締造者所獲得的名譽或財富，也源於他在塔頂所擁有的公寓。這間公寓只有埃菲爾能進入，已接待過很多貴賓，其中就包括托馬斯·愛迪生。據報道，埃菲爾曾一個晚上就在公寓里接受過好幾個重要邀約。這間公寓在關閉了幾年後，於近期向公眾開放了。如今，裡面有埃菲爾和愛迪生的模型。這些逼真的蠟像模型勾勒出埃菲爾和他女兒克萊爾迎接愛迪生的場景。埃菲爾鐵塔上還刻有72名設計它的科學家及工程師的名字。