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Before從句的理解和翻譯

連詞before用來引導時間狀語從句,意為「在……之前」。但是,如果始終將before從句譯成「在……之前,」則會導致某些誤譯。比較下例譯文:

(1)He went away before I could reply.

a.在我能夠回答之前,他就離去了。

b.我還沒來得及回答,他就離去了。

(2)It will be five years before we meet again.

a.在我們再見之前,將會是五年的時間。

b.我們將在五年之後才能再見。

上兩例中的a譯文都不如b譯文更加符合漢語的表達方式。下文進行分析:

1.譯成「(在)……前」。這時強調主句動作發生在從句動作之前,句子側重在主句;從句譯文前置。

(3)Before I came here, I hadn t had any English.

來這兒之前,我沒學過英語。

(4)I ll see you again before you return home.

在你回家之前,我再來看你。

(5)Take the medicine before you go to bed.

你睡覺之前服藥。

2.用「正反譯法」處理。即:原before從句從正面表達,其中不含任何否定詞或否定詞綴,而譯文從反面表達,通常含有否定字眼。

A.譯成「還沒……就」。例如:

(6)He had pressed the button before we stopped him.

我們還沒來得及阻止他,他就按了按鈕。

(7)Before I realized it, the year had passed.

還沒等我弄清是怎麼回事,這一年就過去了。

(8)You startle your friends by asking nervously,"Who is it? What do you want?" and hanging up before they have time to reply.

你神經兮兮地問道:「你是誰?你想幹什麼?」,而朋友們還沒來得及回答,你就掛了電話。你這種言行使他們大吃一驚。

B.有時before從句用過去完成時,是強調動作的未完成或未實現,仍然譯成「還沒……就」。

(9)He arrived before I had finished my lunch.

我還沒吃完午飯,他就到來了。

(10)Before I had gone much farther, I caught them up.

我還沒走多遠,就趕上了他們。

(11)The bell rang before we had finished ourwork.

我們還沒完成作業,鈴就響了。

C.有時,主從句的動作並不存在緊湊的連貫性,這時的before從句可直接用「正反譯法」處理,不再使用關聯詞「就」。

(12)She arrived before I expected.

我想不到,她到得那麼早。

(13)Three months went by before Aqiao knew it.

阿巧不知不覺地過了三個月。

(14)Before their first child was two years old, Maurice and Vera moved to a cottage in the country.

在他們第一個小孩還不滿兩歲時,莫里斯和維拉搬到了一間鄉下的房子去住。

3.譯成「……(之後),才……」。這時,主句往往帶有時間狀語或直接表示時間概念,句子側重在從句;原文從句多後置,其譯文也後置。

(15)They had been married many years before a child was born to them.

他們結婚許多年,才生了一個孩子。

(16)But my teacher had been with me several weeks before I understood that everything has a name.

可是,老師和我在一起好幾周之後,我才明白每一樣東西都有名稱。

(17)It was some time before his eyes could bear the light after having been so long in total darkness.

適應了一陣子之後,他的眼睛才能夠忍受了那光線,因為他在完全的黑暗中呆了好長時間。

4.譯成「只有……,才……」。這時,主句是從句的必要條件,原文的從句後置,譯文也後置。

(18)We must study hard before we can overcome our shortcomings.

只有努力學習,我們才能克服缺點。

(19)A great effort must be made before the ideals can be turned into reality.

只有經過巨大努力,理想才能變為現實。

(20)There must be enough time given before I can finish the difficult task.

只有給予足夠的時間,我才能完成這項艱巨的任務。

5.譯成「為了(要想)……,就得(必須)……」。這時,從句表達目的,主句表達目的所需的必要條件。原文的從句前置,其譯文也前置。

(21)Before we can decrease friction, we must pay attention to lubrication.

為了可以減少摩擦,我們就得注意潤滑。

(22)Before one can speak English fluently, he must speak the language as often as possible.

一個人要想能講一口流利的英語,他就必須儘可能經常地講這種語言。

(23)Before we can fulfill the production plan,we must work harder than ever.

為了能夠完成生產計劃,我們必須更加努力地工作。

6.譯成「比……先(早)……」。這時,主句和從句的動作相同,從句使用代動詞代替主句的動作。原文的從句後置,譯文成比較句。

(24)They got there before we did.

他們比我們先到那裡。

(25)He finished his homework before I did.

他比我先做完作業.

(26)My mother often gets up before I do.

母親經常比我起得早。

7.在"Hardly(Scarcely)…before…"句型中,譯成「(剛)一……,就……」。這時,before等於when。

(27)Hardly had we got to the station before the train left.

我們剛到火車站,火車就開了。

(28)Hardly had the operator pressed the button before all the machines began to work.

操作人員一按電鈕,所有的機器就開始運行。

(29)Scarcely had he gone out before it began torain.

他一出去,就下起雨來了。

8.不譯。這時,原文的主句常用否定形式,從句後置,其譯文也後置。

(30)It was not long before he came.

他不久就來了。

(31)I had not gone a mile before I felt tired.

沒有走到一英里路,我已經疲倦了。

(32)They had not proceeded far before they perceived a bear making toward them with great rage.

他們沒走多遠,就看到了一頭大熊憤怒地朝他們而來。

9.少數情況下,譯成「……,最後……」。這時,一系列有序的動作在前,從句處末尾,其譯文也處於最後。

(33)They left Tennessee and headed east,stopping in Louisville and Lexington in Kentucky, and then wandering north through Cincinnati, Columbus and Dayton, Ohio, and then back west through Indianapolis before they came back by way of Nashville.

他們離開田納西州,朝東進發。他們先逗留在肯塔基州的路易斯維爾和萊剋星頓;然後朝北漫遊,穿過俄亥俄州的辛辛那提,哥倫布和代頓,而後又通過印第安納波利斯往西回返;最後途經納什維爾回來。

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