《自然》雜誌發文揭示人體中的「動物世界」和健康息息相關

本期張老師通過下面的文章，給大家講解了Human Microbiome Project的研究內容是什麼，前兩天的科普中張老師和大家分享過腸道中的細菌種群很可能決定一個人減肥是否成功，這僅僅是Human Microbiome Project研究中關注的眾多問題之一，科學發現人體內部微生物的種群和種群的變化可能與健康狀況息息相關。歡迎大家收聽。

來源：哈佛大學T. H. Chan公共衛生學院中文翻譯、點評、朗讀：張國慶 博士 (中科大教授)策劃：李進 、韓娟

數千個新的微生物群落首次在人體中辨認

Thousands of new microbial communities identified in human body

人類微生物組學（存在於我們身體表面和內部數以萬億計的微生物群落）的一項新研究，分析了從腸道、皮膚、口腔和陰道微生物群中數千種新的微生物群落，並為這些微生物在人體健康方面的作用提供了新的見解。

A new study of the human microbiome—the trillions of microbial organisms that live on and within our bodies—has analyzed thousands of new measurements of microbial communities from the gut, skin, mouth, and vaginal microbiome, yielding new insights into the role these microbes play in human health.

這項研究來自哈佛大學TH Chan公共衛生學院、麻省理工學院和哈佛大學的布羅德學院以及馬里蘭大學醫學院，比之前來自美國國立衛生研究院人類微生物組學項目的數據多了兩倍，為人類微生物多樣性提供了前所未有的深度和細節。新的信息使得研究人員可以識別每個人身上微生物獨有的差異，並在全身體範圍內和不同時間節點上跟蹤了這些微生物，就好像人類基因組的個體差異對每個人都是獨一無二的一樣。

The study, from researchers at Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, and University of Maryland School of Medicine, presents a three-fold expansion of data from the National Institutes of Health Human Microbiome Project, providing unprecedented depth and detail about human microbial diversity. The new information allows researchers to identify differences that are unique to an individual s microbes—just like some human genome variants are unique to each individual—and track them across the body and over time.

該研究於2017年9月20日在線發表在《自然》雜誌（見底部鏈接）。

The study was published online September 20, 2017 in Nature.

研究的通訊作者、哈佛大學計算生物學和生物信息學副教授、布羅德學院准成員柯蒂斯·胡特霍夫（Curtis Huttenhower）說：「這項研究給了我們關於有助於維持人類微生物群體健康、確切的微生物和分子過程的最詳細信息。」

"This study has given us the most detailed information to date about exactly which microbes and molecular processes help to maintain health in the human microbiome," said Curtis Huttenhower, associate professor of computational biology and bioinformatics at Harvard Chan School, associate member of the Broad Institute, and senior author of the study.

這項研究是「人類微生物組學」項目擴大的第二階段，該項目最初於2007年啟動，旨在確定和表徵人類微生物、探索微生物與健康和疾病的關係，並開發計算工具來分析微生物。這是因為微生物與從過敏到癌症等各種人類疾病都有關聯。

This study is an expanded second phase of the Human Microbiome Project, originally launched in 2007 to identify and characterize human microbes, explore microbes relationship to health and disease, and develop computational tools to analyze the microbes. The microbiome has been linked to everything from allergies to cancer.

研究人員分析了來自265個人的來自不同身體部位和多個時間點的1,631個新微生物樣本。科學家們使用基因測序工具，以能夠精確地識別身體各種部位中存在哪些生物，以及它們可能起的作用。在多個時間點檢查微生物可以進一步使他們能確定微生物群落中的哪些物種可能會隨著時間的推移而或緩慢、或快速地變化或保持相對穩定。

The researchers analyzed 1,631 new samples from 265 individuals, from diverse body sites and at multiple points in time. The scientists used DNA sequencing tools that allowed them to precisely identify which organisms are present in various body sites, as well as what they might be able to do. Examining microbes at multiple time points further allowed them to determine which parts of the community might change slowly, rapidly, or stay relatively stable over time.

發現包括:

The findings:

-提供身體中微生物群體的非細菌成員（病毒和真菌）的最大概況之一

-Provide one of the largest profiles of non-bacterial members—viruses and fungi—of the microbiome across the body

- 在身體每個部位中鑒定出具有特定菌株的微生物

-Identified microbes with specific strains within each body site

- 描述微生物幫助維持人體健康的生物化學活性

-Profile the biochemical activity that allows microbes to help maintain human health

- 確定微生物及其生物化學隨時間的變化

-Identify how the microbes and their biochemistry change over time

胡特霍夫表示，這項新研究還強調了科學家們對於人類微生物組學組成和功能的了解還有待增加。他說，了解更多這方面的信息需要時間。

Huttenhower said the new study also emphasizes how much scientists still don t know about the makeup and function of the human microbiome. Learning more about it will take time, he said.

「正如測定人類基因組序列，如果沒有關於變異性或上下文的信息，就不會立即導致廣泛的新葯或療法的開發，我們也需要在許多不同的環境中使用非常精細的觀測手段來研究微生物群，以便我們可以了解並採取任何個別疾病或病症的具體參數以及個性化變化。」布羅德學院研究所博士後研究員、哈佛TH Chan學院博士後研究員Jason Lloyd-Price和研究的第一作者說。

"Just as sequencing one human genome, without information about variability or context, didn t immediately lead to extensive new drugs or therapies, so too will we need to look at the microbiome with an extremely fine lens, in many different contexts, so that we can understand and act on its specific, personalized changes in any individual disease or condition," said Jason Lloyd-Price, postdoctoral associate at the Broad Institute, postdoctoral fellow at Harvard Chan School, and lead author of the study.

他補充說，這項研究還為科學界提供了大量數據資源，有助於推動未來的研究發現和研究人類微生物的新方法。

He added that the study also provides a large data resource to the scientific community that will help drive future research, discoveries, and the development of new methods in studying the human microbiome.

原文摘要：

人類微生物組織中基線微生物和功能多樣性的表徵使得研究了微生物組織相關疾病，多樣性，生物地理學和分子功能。國家衛生研究院人類微生物組織項目迄今為止提供了最廣泛的這種特徵之一。在這裡，我們從研究中引入第二波數據，其中包括1,631個新的元基因組（總共2,355個），針對265個個體具有多個時間點的不同身體部位。我們應用更新的分析和彙編方法來提供微生物群體個性化的新特徵。菌株識別揭示特定於身體部位的亞種進化枝;它還量化了分離基因組中代表性較差的系統發生多樣性的物種。全身功能剖析分為通用，富含人體和身體部位富集子集的途徑。最後，時間分析將微生物變異分解為快速變數，中等變數和穩定的子集。這項研究進一步擴大了我們對人類基因微生物多樣性的了解，並且了解了個性化微生物群的功能和動態。

The characterization of baseline microbial and functional diversity in the human microbiome has enabled studies of microbiome-related disease, diversity, biogeography, and molecular function. The National Institutes of Health Human Microbiome Project has provided one of the broadest such characterizations so far. Here we introduce a second wave of data from the study, comprising 1,631 new metagenomes (2,355 total) targeting diverse body sites with multiple time points in 265 individuals. We applied updated profiling and assembly methods to provide new characterizations of microbiome personalization. Strain identification revealed subspecies clades specific to body sites; it also quantified species with phylogenetic diversity under-represented in isolate genomes. Body-wide functional profiling classified pathways into universal, human-enriched, and body site-enriched subsets. Finally, temporal analysis decomposed microbial variation into rapidly variable, moderately variable, and stable subsets. This study furthers our knowledge of baseline human microbial diversity and enables an understanding of personalized microbiome function and dynamics.

http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature23889.html

Jason Lloyd-Price et al, Strains, functions and dynamics in the expanded Human Microbiome Project, Nature (2017). DOI: 10.1038/nature23889

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