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開學了,你要做一隻刺蝟還是狐狸?

9 月份,各大高校陸續開學,開學寄語總是鼓舞人心。

無論你是初入校園的小鮮肉,還是已經在職場打拚多年的老油條,都來感受一下吧。

耶魯大學

耶魯大學(Yale University)校長彼得·沙洛維(Peter Salovey)在2021屆新生開學典禮上發表了一席角度新穎的演講:《像狐狸一樣思考》(Thinking Like a Fox)。

他引用古希臘詩人阿爾齊洛科斯(Archilochus)的名言,給大家講了一個狐狸和刺蝟的故事:

「A fox knows many things, but a hedgehog one important thing.」

「狐狸知道很多事情,而刺蝟只知道一樁大事。」

When threatened, the fox remains flexible, coming up with a clever way to deal with that particular matter. The hedgehog, however, responds the same way to every threat: it rolls up into a ball.

當受到威脅時,狐狸會隨機應變,想出一個聰明的辦法來應對。然而,刺蝟總是用同一種方法來對應對所有威脅:就是把自己捲成一個球。

The fox is wily and resilient. The hedgehog consistent but inflexible.

這兩種動物,一個聰明狡猾,靈活善變,另一個恪守規則,卻不懂變通。

他用這個故事讓每一個在耶魯學習的人思考:要以何種方式度過在耶魯的這段時光(「how to approach your time at Yale」)。

因為你在耶魯會接觸到各種「狐狸派」和「刺蝟派」的思想:

Your education in Yale College will expose you to some grand ideas that may seem compelling as unifying life philosophies. You will learn about and from some brilliant hedgehogs and brilliant foxes.

在耶魯的本科學習過程中,你們會接觸到一些偉大的思想,堪稱很好的人生哲學。也會了解並且師從一些「偉大的刺蝟」與「偉大的狐狸」。

但沙洛維校長鼓勵大家效仿狐狸:

But at this stage of your education, I want to urge you to emulate the fox. As inspired as you might be by a single idea or way of looking at the world, I suggest that you entertain many different ways of thinking and consider various points of view. Try them all on; see what fits you best.

但是在這個階段,我想鼓勵大家多效仿狐狸。你可能會對某一種思想或世界觀產生強烈的共鳴,但是我建議你們,多學習不同的思想、多考慮不同的觀點。盡量都去嘗試一下,最後再決定什麼是最適合自己的。

The beauty of a liberal arts education—the education Yale College offers—is that it liberates you from having to pursue a narrow, vocationally-oriented program of study. I hope you will take advantage of—and enjoy—this intellectual freedom.

人文教育之美在於將你從狹隘的、以職業為導向的學習計劃中解放出來——這也正是耶魯本科學院所提供的教育。我希望你們能夠好好利用並享受這種思想自由。

他例舉了一些有著狐狸般智慧的人,例如發明家、政治家兼作家本傑明·富蘭克林:

His response to seemingly insurmountable challenges? Invent something.

面對看似無法克服的挑戰,他是怎麼反應的呢?發明新東西。

最後你會發現,正是這些「狐狸」改變了我們的世界:

All around us, we are surrounded by foxes who have shaped our lives and our world.

我們的周圍充滿了「狐狸」,他們塑造了我們的生活和世界。

Foxes are resilient. And they not only respond better to challenges—they may even be able to predict what challenges they will face down the road better than their hedgehog friends.

狐狸適應力極強,他們不僅可以在面對挑戰時更好地做出反應,甚至比刺蝟小夥伴們更有能力預測將來會遇到的困難。

最後,沙洛維校長祝願大家享受成為「狐狸」的過程。

Like Franklin, Murray, Hopper, and a host of other foxes, you will develop your intellect in broad and flexible ways.

像富蘭克林、莫里、霍珀和許多其他的狐狸一樣,你們將以廣泛而靈活的方式開拓思維。

I know that you will experience great pleasure in becoming foxes yourselves.

我相信,在變成狐狸的過程中你們將會收穫巨大的幸福和成就。

所有邁入大學的新生們,要如何走自己的求知之路?聽過耶魯校長的這番話,你是否有所啟發。

哈佛大學

哈佛大學(Harvard University)校長德魯·福斯特(Drew Faust)在歡迎2021屆新生的致辭上,探討了大學教育的意義。

她引用哈佛前藝術與科學學院院長、已故的傑里米·諾爾斯(Jeremy Knowles)的話說:

Jeremy Knowles described what he saw as the most important goal of higher education: it was, he said, to ensure that graduates can recognize when 「someone is talking rot.」

傑里米·諾爾斯形容他所認為的高等教育的最重要目標就是,讓畢業生學會辨別「誰在胡說八道」。

You learn this through challenging and being challenged, through being confronted by disagreement and difference and amidst it all finding your way.

你在不斷的挑戰和被挑戰中學到了這種能力,在面對各種分歧和異議中找到自己的方向。

在網路發達的今天,人們完全可以通過在線教育獲得大學學位。

But we have asked all of you to uproot your lives, move to Massachusetts with carloads filled with paraphernalia and teary-eyed families forced to bid you good-bye. Why do we do this?

但我們卻要求你們所有人脫離自己的生活圈,搬到麻薩諸塞州,帶著載慢一車的隨身行李,看著淚眼汪汪的家人被迫和你道別,我們為什麼要這麼做?

因為校園就是教育的重要一部分:

We do it because we believe in the power of community as an essential educational force.

我們這樣做是因為我們相信校園的力量,那是一種關鍵的教育力量。

But that community must be constituted so that it does not simply present you with what you already know or with people whose life experiences and outlooks are just like yours.

但這個校園必須好好組建,才不會只簡單地向你展示已知的東西,或是那些生活經歷和觀點和你一樣的人。

大學的多樣性是它最大的價值之一:

It is its diversity, its elements of unfamiliarity, its elements of difference that render Harvard College the extraordinary experience that I know you will find it to be.

正是它的多樣性,它的陌生元素,它的不同之處,使在哈佛的經歷非同凡響,我相信終有一天你們會有此感悟。

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諾爾斯給新同學的建議是,「Don t be silent」(不要沉默):

When the admissions office decided on you, it was because they wanted your voice, your contribution as part of this creative cacophony. So don』t be silent.

招生辦公室決定錄取你,是因為他們需要你的聲音,你在這個百家爭鳴之地所貢獻的一種聲音。所以不要保持沉默。

And please don』t live your life online as if you weren』t here at all!

請不要在網上虛度你的光陰,就像你不曾來過這!

發出自己的聲音有多麼重要呢?她這樣闡述:

Talk a lot so others can learn from you. Listen even more so that you can learn from them.

盡量多地發言,這樣別人才能向你學習。儘可能更多地傾聽,這樣你就能從他們身上學習。

Don』t be afraid to take the risk of being wrong. Don』t be afraid to admit you are wrong. It is the best way to learn and grow. And listen generously to others so that they may take risks too.

不要害怕犯錯的風險。不要害怕承認錯誤。這是學習和成長的最佳途徑。同時也慷慨地傾聽他人,讓他們同樣也有犯錯的風險。

Use the community of your fellow students as one of the greatest gifts and opportunities of your time here.

將你的同學圈作為你在哈佛最大的禮物和機會。

在技術日新月異的今天,兩位頂尖大學的校長,一位鼓勵我們不做沉默的大多數,積極地融入社區;另一位則提醒我們要在人群之中保持狐狸一般的批判精神。或許世間一流的智慧,總是自相矛盾的吧。

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