阿拉斯加長啥樣？
原標題：阿拉斯加長啥樣？
註：該標準中文版翻譯自FCI國際純種犬標準英文版，已發佈於CKU新官網-犬種百科
09.06.1999 / EN
FCI-國際純種犬標準第 243 號
ALASKAN MALAMUTE
阿拉斯加雪橇犬
圖片來自AKC官網
本圖片並不一定代表該犬種的理想類型
ORIGIN: U.S.A
起源國：美國
UTILIZATION: Sledge dog.
用途：雪橇犬
FCI-CLASSIFICATION:
Group 5 Spitz and primitive types.
Section 1 Nordic Sledge Dogs.
Without working trial.
FCI分組：
第五組 尖嘴犬和原始犬種組
第1類 極地雪橇犬
無需工作犬測試。
GENERAL APPEARANCE:
The Alaskan Malamute, one of the oldest Arctic sledge dogs, is a powerful and substantially built dog with deep chest and strong, well-muscled body. The Malamute stands well over the pads, and this stance gives the appearance of much activity and a proud carriage, with head erect and eyes alert showing interest and curiosity. The head is broad. Ears are triangular and erect when alerted. The muzzle is bulky, only slight diminishing in width from root to nose. The muzzle is not pointed or long, yet not stubby. The coat is thick with a coarse guard coat of sufficient length to protect a woolly undercoat. Malamutes are of various colors. Face markings are a distinguishing feature. These consist of a cap over the head, the face either all white or marked with a bar and/or a mask. The tail is well furred, carried over the back, and has the appearance of a waving plume. The Malamute must be a heavy boned dog with sound legs, good feet, deep chest and powerful shoulders, and have all of the other physical attributes necessary for the efficient performance of his job. The gait must be steady, balanced, tireless and totally efficient. He is not intended as a racing sledge dog designed to compete in speed trials. The Malamute is structured for strength and endurance, and any characteristic of the individual specimen, including temperament, which interferes with the accomplishment of this purpose, is to be considered the most serious of faults.
整體外貌：
阿拉斯加雪橇犬是最古老的極地雪橇犬犬種之一，該犬體格強健、有力，胸深且強壯，肌肉發達。腳墊著地，站姿良好，盡顯活潑。頭部高昂，雙眼充滿警覺，顯示出強烈的好奇心和興趣。頭寬。耳為三角形，警覺時會豎立。口吻大，寬度自根部向鼻子方向僅略微變小。口吻不尖不長，也不短粗。被毛厚，外層被毛足夠長且硬，對底層羊毛狀被毛有保護作用。阿拉斯加雪橇犬的毛色多種多樣。其面部的斑紋是一個顯著的特徵，其中包括頭上的帽狀斑紋以及全白色或帶有條紋的面部。尾部被毛充分，舉起過背，外觀如波狀羽毛。阿拉斯加雪橇犬的骨量大，腿強健，犬足佳，胸深，肩部有力，並具備其它所有工作所需的身體特徵。其步態要穩、協調、不顯疲憊、效率高。阿拉斯加雪橇犬並不是用於進行速度比賽的雪橇犬，他的身體結構使其在耐力和力量方面具有優勢，個體所具有的任一特徵影響到耐力和速度的都被視為最為嚴重的缺陷之一。
IMPORTANT PROPORTIONS:
The depth of chest is approximately one half the height of the dog at the shoulders, the deepest point being just behind the forelegs. The length of the body from point of shoulder to the rear point of pelvis is longer than the height of the body from ground to top of the withers.
重要比例：
胸深約是肩高的一半，最深點位於前腿之後。體長（自肩部起至骨盆後部）比肩高要長。
BEHAVIOUR / TEMPERAMENT:
The Alaskan Malamute is an affectionate, friendly dog, not a ? one-man ? dog. He is a loyal, devoted companion, playful in invitation, but generally impressive
by his dignity after maturity.
行為/秉性：
阿拉斯加雪橇犬親切、友好，對人友善，是忠誠、專一的伴侶犬，好動，但通常在成熟後會顯得穩重高貴。
HEAD： The head is broad and deep, not coarse or clumsy, but in proportion to the size of the dog. The expression is soft and indicates an affectionate disposition.
頭部：
頭寬且深，不顯粗糙或笨拙，與身體比例協調。表情柔和，體現出溫和的性情。
CRANIAL REGION: 顱部區域
Skull: Broad and moderately rounded between the ears, gradually narrowing and flattening on top as it approaches the eyes, rounding off to cheeks. There is a slight furrow between the eyes. The topline of the skull and the topline of the muzzle show a slight break downward from a straight line as they join.
頭骨：寬，兩耳間呈現適當的弧形，頂部向眼部漸窄、漸平，頰圓。兩眼間有淺皺。頭骨頂線以及口吻頂線在交匯處略向下傾斜。
Stop:Shallow.
額段：淺。
FACIAL REGION: 面部區域
Nose: In all coat colors, except reds, the nose, lips, and eye rim pigmentation is black. Brown is permitted in red dogs. The lighter streaked ? snow nose ? is acceptable.
鼻：該犬種除紅色被毛的犬只外，其他顏色的犬只的鼻子、唇以及眼眶都為黑色。紅色犬的鼻子可以是褐色。帶有淺色紋的「雪鼻」也可接受。
Muzzle: Large and bulky in proportion to the size of the skull, diminishing slightly in width and depth from junction with the skull to the nose.
口吻：與頭骨相比，口吻所佔比例較大，自與頭骨交匯處向鼻子方向寬度和深度逐漸變小。
Lips: Close fitting.
唇：緊貼。
Jaws/Teeth: Broad with large teeth. The incisors meet with a scissor bite. Overshot or undershot is a fault.
頜/牙齒：寬，牙齒大。門齒成剪狀咬合。上顎或下顎突出均為缺陷。
Cheeks: Moderately flat.
面頰：較平。
Eyes: Obliquely placed in the skull. Eyes are brown, almond shaped and of medium size. Blue eyes are a disqualifying fault.
眼睛：位置傾斜。褐色，杏仁形，中等大小。藍色眼睛為失格。
Ears: Of medium size, but small in proportion to the head. The ears are triangular in shape and slightly rounded at tips. They are set wide apart on the outside back edges of the skull on line with the upper corner of the eye, giving ears the appearance, when erect, of standing off from the skull. Erect ears point slightly forward, but when the dog is at work, the ears are sometimes folded against the skull. High set ears are a fault.
耳朵：中等大小，但與頭相比顯小。三角形，耳尖略圓。兩耳位於頭骨後外側邊緣，間距較大，與上眼角在同一直線上，因此耳朵豎起時感覺遠離頭骨。立耳會略微向前傾，但在犬工作時，耳有時會下垂並貼著頭骨。位置過高的耳朵則為缺陷。
NECK: Strong and moderately arched.
頸部：強壯，呈適度拱形。
BODY: 軀幹
Compactly built but not short coupled. The body carries no excess weight, and bone is in proportion to size.
結構緊湊但接合不短。不能超重，骨量與尺寸大小成比例。
Back: Straight and gently sloping to the hips.
背：直且向臀部方向略傾斜。
Loin: Hard and well muscled. A long loin that may weaken the back is a fault.
腰: 結實，肌肉發達。腰部過長會使背部變弱，視為缺陷。
Chest: Well developed.
胸：發育良好。
TAIL: Moderately set; follows the line of the spine at the base. Carried over the back when not working. It is not a snap tail or curled tight against the back, nor is it short furred like a fox brush.
The Malamute tail is well furred and has the appearance of a waving plume
尾：位置適當，根部位於脊骨線上。不工作時舉起過背。不應是折鉤形或緊貼著背部捲曲，同時尾部被毛也不能短得像狐狸尾巴。阿拉斯加雪橇犬的尾巴毛髮豐富，如波狀羽毛。
LIMBS: 四肢
FOREQUARTERS: 前軀
General appearance: Forelegs heavily boned and muscled, straight to the pasterns when viewed from the front.
整體外形：前腿骨量大且肌肉發達，從前面觀察，前腿一直到系部都很直。
Shoulder : Moderately sloping.
肩：適當傾斜。
Pastern: Short and strong and slightly sloping when viewed from the side.
系部：短且強壯，從側面觀察，略微傾斜。
LIMBS: 四肢
HINDQUARTERS: 後軀
General appearance:
The rear legs are broad. When viewed from the rear, the legs stand and move true in line with the movement of the front legs, not too close or too wide.
Dewclaws on the rear legs are undesirable and should be removed shortly after puppies are whelped.
整體外形：後腿寬。從後面觀察，站立及運動時後腿與前腿在同一直線上，兩腿間距既不過近也不過遠。後腿上有狼爪不理想，在幼仔出生後不久就要將其去除。
Thigh: Heavily muscled.
大腿：肌肉非常發達。
Stifle (Knee): Moderately bent.
後膝關節：適度彎曲。
Hock joint : Moderately bent and well let down.
跗關節：適度彎曲，自然向下。
Feet: Of the ? snowshoe ? type, tight and deep, with wellcushioned pads, giving a firm, compact appearance. The feet are large, toes tight fitting and well arched. There is a protective growth of hair between the toes. The pads are thick and tough; toenails short and strong.
足：雪鞋型，緊且深，腳墊良好，外觀堅固、緊湊。腳大，趾緊湊且自然拱起。趾間有保護性毛髮。腳墊厚且強壯；趾甲短且強壯。
GAIT/MOVEMENT:
The gait of the Malamute is steady, balanced and powerful. He is agile for his size and build. When viewed from the side, the hindquarters exhibit strong rear drive that
is transmitted through a well-muscled loin to forequarters. The forequarters receive the drive from the rear with a smooth reaching stride. When viewed from the front or from the rear, the legs move true in line, not too close or too wide. At a fast trot, the feet will converge toward the centerline of the body. A stilted gait, or any gait that is not completely efficient and tireless is to be penalized.
步態/動態：
阿拉斯加雪橇犬的步態穩健、協調、有力。其大小和體格使其很敏捷。從側面觀察，後肢驅動有力並通過肌肉發達的腰部將力量傳送至前肢。前肢受力後平穩伸出。從前面或後面看，運動時腿在一條線上，既不過近也不過遠。快跑時，腳會集中於身體的中線上。不自然或其他無效或疲憊的步態均會影響成績。
COAT: 被毛
Hair:The Malamute has a thick, coarse guard coat, never long and soft. The undercoat is dense, from one to two inches in depth, oily and woolly. The coarse guard coat varies in length as does the undercoat. The coat is relatively short to medium along the sides of the body, with the length of the coat increasing around the shoulders and neck, down the back, over the croup and in the breeching and plume. Malamutes usually have a shorter and less dense coat during the summer months. The Malamute is shown naturally. Trimming is not acceptable except to provide a clean cut appearance of feet.
毛質：有一層粗厚的保護性被毛，不長也不軟。底毛密，厚度為1-2英寸，油滑、羊毛狀。外層被毛和底毛均長度不一。身體兩側的被毛相對短或為中等長度，肩和頸部、背部往下、臀上部以及尾巴的毛相對較長。阿拉斯加雪橇犬通常在夏天時被毛會變短變稀。其被毛要自然，不能進行修剪，但腳部可進行簡單修剪。
Colour: The usual colours range from light grey through intermediate shadings to black, sable, and shading of sable to red.
Colour combinations are acceptable in undercoats, points and trimmings. The only solid colour allowable is all-white. White is always the predominant colour on underbody, parts of legs, feet, and part of face markings. A white blaze on the forehead and/or collar or a spot on the nape is attractive and acceptable. The Malamute is mantled, and broken colours extending over the body or uneven splashing are undesirable.
毛色: 通常為淺灰色至黑色、黑貂色、各種深淺的黑貂色至紅色。底層被毛、尖部及飾毛的顏色可以為混合色。唯一合格的單色為純白色，而腹部，腿、腳和面部的局部通常都為白色。前額和/或頸部上有白斑，或者是頸背上有斑點為有吸引力且可接受。阿拉斯加雪橇犬似披有斗蓬，全身顏色雜亂或不均勻均則不理想。
SIZE AND WEIGHT: 尺寸和重量
There is a natural range in size in the breed. The desirable freighting sizes are :
Males : 25 inches at the shoulders - 85 pounds (63,5 cm - 38 kg).
Females : 23 inches at the shoulders - 75 pounds (58,5 cm - 34 kg).
However, size consideration should not outweigh that of type, proportion, movement and other functional attributes. When dogs are judged equal in type, proportion, movement, the dog nearest the desirable freighting size is to be preferred.
公犬：肩高為25英寸——85磅（63.5厘米——38公斤）
母犬：肩高為23英寸——75磅（58.5厘米——34公斤）
但是，對於大小的考慮要次於對犬種樣式、比例、步容和其它功能性特質的考慮。在判定時，當犬只在犬種樣式、比例、步態等條件上水平同等時，尺寸最接近要求的為最佳。
IMPORTANT SUMMARY:
In judging Alaskan Malamutes their function as a sledge dog for heavy freighting in the Arctic must be given consideration above all else. The degree to which a dog is penalized should depend upon the extent to which the dog deviates from the deion of the ideal Malamute and upon the extent to which the particular fault would actually affect the working ability of the dog. The legs of the Malamute must indicate unusual strength and tremendous propelling power. Any indication of unsoundness in legs and feet, front or rear, standing or moving, is to be considered a serious fault. Faults under this provision would be splay-footedness, cowhocks, bad pasterns, straight shoulders, lack of angulation, stilted gait (or any gait that isn』t balanced, strong and steady), ranginess, shallowness, ponderousness, lightness of bone and poor overall proportion.
重點總結：
評判阿拉斯加雪橇犬時，除以上所述外，還要考慮其作為北極地區運輸用雪橇犬的功能性。對犬進行罰分的輕重要依據該犬與上述理想狀況背離的程度，以及某些特定缺陷對犬工作能力的影響程度。犬的四肢必須具有不尋常的力量和強大的驅動力。四肢及腳，站立或運動時所表現出的任何不足，都將被視為嚴重缺陷。這方面的缺陷包括八字腳、牛肢、系部差、肩直、角度欠缺、步態如踩高蹺（或任何不平衡、不強健、不平穩的步態）、散漫，單薄、笨重、骨量小、整體不成比例。
FAULTS: 缺陷
FAULTS:
Any departure from the foregoing points should be considered a fault and the seriousness with which the fault should be regarded should be in exact proportion to its degree and its effect upon the health and welfare of the dog.
缺陷：任何與上述各點的背離均視為缺陷，其缺陷嚴重性嚴格地與其缺陷的程度及其對犬的健康和福利以及它履行它的傳統的工作的能力成比例。
DISQUALIFYING FAULTS: 失格缺陷
Aggressive or overly shy dogs.
Any dog clearly showing physical of behavioural abnormalities shall be disqualified.
Blue eyes.
失格缺陷：
有攻擊性或過度羞怯
任何犬只明顯表現出體力上或行為上的異常，都應被判定為失格。
藍眼。
N.B.：
Male animals should have two apparently normal testicles fullydescended into the scrotum.
Only functionally and clinically healthy dogs, with breed typicalconformation, should be used for breeding.
注：
公犬具備兩個明顯正常且完全置於陰囊的睾丸
只有身體機能以及臨床表現健康的，具備典型犬種結構的犬只，才可用於繁殖。
▲ 犬只各部位名稱（FCI標準通用）
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