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為何到了印尼的中國人和中國人後裔普遍比當地人更富裕？

網友評論

1. Ronald Yeo, Born and raised in Singapore.

AnsweredSep 19

Ifeel like there are a lot of stereotypical answers here. I wish to give my ownperspective.There have been Chinese migrating to the US since the early 19thcentury.However, anti-Chinese sentiment led the US government to limitimmigration, and with their numbers deliberately kept low, they allcongregrated in Chinatowns in places like New York city and San Francisco. As aminority, they could have gone into businesses, and yes, many did.But askAmericans whom are the richest Americans in the rise of Industrial America andthey will give names like Morgan, Mellon, Carnegie and Rockefeller, not aChinese name. (FYI, Rockerfeller came from relatively modest backgrounds)

很多人都談了自己的一些看法，我覺得有些看法可能有些偏見，我也來談談自己的意見吧。從19世紀開始，中國人就開始向美國進行遷徙。然而，因為美國一直都有著反華情緒，導致後來中國移民受到了很多的限制，而且他們被限制在特定的區域。他們主要居住在少數的幾個城市裡面，比如紐約，舊金山等地的中國城裡面。作為少數民族，你可以進入商業領域，確實有很多華人是這樣做的。但是，在美國工業狂飆突進的100年里，湧現了比如摩根，梅隆，卡內基和洛克菲勒這樣的商業巨擘，卻極少出現有影響力的華人企業家。

Samething with the UK, there were minority Chinese populations that were kept inlow numbers all the way till world war 2. Yet, their business enterprise werenot staggering prosperous in any sense.Of course, after World War 2, there wasa massive civil rights movement, and caps on immigration was increased. Racialequality meant that Chinese could operate businesses without discrimination.But ask anyone whom are the richest Americans whom made it rich in the latehalf of the 20th century without inheriting most of it and you would get nameslike Sam Walton of Walmart, Howard Hughes the eccentric entrepreneur, Bill Gatesof Microsoft.

類似情況也出現在英國，直到第二次世界大戰之前，英國一直都有著極少量的華人人口，但是他們企業似乎看起來也沒有那麼成功。當然，在二次世界大戰之後，全世界都掀起了民權運動，所以，相應的各個族群的權利也在相應的增加。種族平等意味著中國人可以在沒有歧視的情況下經營企業。但是，問問那些在20世紀後半期發家的最富有的美國人，這裡面包含有山姆.沃爾頓，霍華德.休斯，微軟的比爾.蓋茨等企業家。華裔企業家的身影依然非常罕見。

Sure,the overseas Chinese were minority models with having all the top students withtop marks in schools and low crime rates, and many members of the communitybecoming lawyers, doctors, even politicians, but not really notable as businesstycoons. Does that mean that America was simply too competitive a place foroverseas Chinese to get economically prosperous?There have been Chinese inIndia before world war 2 as well (Chinese community in India - Wikipedia). Buta look at the top 100 richest Indians on Forbes』s list and there is not asingle Chinese there as well.

當然，海外華人是少數族裔的模範。他們的教育非常出色，而且犯罪率很低。他們有很多人成為律師，醫生，甚至是政客，但是他們並不是真正的商業大亨。這是否意味著美國的競爭過於激烈，以至於使得美國的華人無法獲得足夠的資源用於發展？在二次世界大戰之前，也有一些人到了印度。但是看看印度最富有的一百個人裡面，卻沒有一個是華人。（譯者註：歷史上華人曾到過印度，但是人數最高的時候也不過幾萬而已，現在更少，連一萬人都不到。）

Sowhat accounts for the difference in Indonesia?Wealth is a funny thing; by everymeasure, it is a generational thing. Poverty and wealth are like diseases, theypass from one generation to the next. Wealth is also like gravity in action;the more wealth you have, the more business/economic opportunities flow yourway. it allows access to better education for your children. If you run afamily business, you can pass it to your family members. Take a quick look atthe ten richest Indonesian Chinese and you would find that they all share a fewsimilarities:Nearly all were the sons of Chinese traders that migrated fromChina, i.e second-generation Indonesian Chinese, though some were first-timeimmigrants from China

現在回到主題，印度尼西亞與英國和美國到底有什麼不同？財富是一件有趣的事情，從某種意義上來說，財富具有代際特性。貧窮和財富就像疾病一樣，會從上一代人遺傳給下一代。而財富就像地球引力一樣，你擁有越多的財富，將會有越多的機會飛向你。更多的財富意味著你的孩子將能夠接受到更好的教育。如果你經營著一個家族企業，你可以將它傳給你的家族成員。看看印度尼西亞最富有的十個華人，你會發現它們都有共同點：他們幾乎都是中國商人的後代，他們都是移民到印度尼西亞的。他們大都是第二代的印尼華人，也有少部分是第一代的印尼華人。

Whilethey did inherit businesses from their families, their wealth grew atincredible rates during Suharto』s rule

Whatare the implications of all these?

Thefirst is that Indonesian Chinese have always been largely excluded from thepolitical and military spheres in Indonesia. As foreign immigrants, they werenever part of the local elite that that Dutch had to co-opt. This was truebefore Independence and it was even more true after Independence. Suhartocontrolled Indonesia with 2 different armies: one was the armed forces and theother was the civil service. Both were largely closed off from people ofChinese ethnicity.You may have the rare Indonesian-Chinese politician orgeneral but generally, by and large, most went into private businesses. Withevery other avenue of growth closed off, many specialize into the private sectorsas commercial businessmen. This became the strength of the Indonesian Chinesepopulation.

儘管他們確實從他們的家族裡面獲得了財富繼承的機會，但是他們的財富在蘇哈托執政的時期卻有了飛速的增長。這意味著什麼呢？首先，印尼華人基本上被排除在了印度尼西亞的政治和軍事領域之外。作為外國移民，他們從來都不是當地政治精英的一部分。印度尼西亞曾經是荷蘭的殖民地，在荷蘭人統治時期，華人就不允許參與到政治當中去。印度尼西亞獨立以後就更是如此了。蘇哈托控制著印尼，他有兩個抓手：一個是軍隊，另一個是公務員隊伍。這兩者在很大程度上都與中國移民沒有什麼關係。可能會有極少數的印尼的政治人物是華人後裔，但是總體上來看，華人主要進入了私營商業部門工作。這使得中國的移民逐漸開始掌握印尼的工商業。

Now,generally, by and large, the average Indonesian-Chinese is economically betteroff than the average Indonesia and there are 2 key reasons for these: Obsessionwith education

makingsure that you pass on a good life to your descendents

Thisis, by large, mostly true for most people living in a Chinese culture.Thus,with consistent generational transfer of wealth and also a focus on educationan an uplifting tool, by and large, most overseas Chinese diaspora tend to bethe perfect picture of a 「model minority」, in terms of education, wealth, andwith low crime rates. This is true in US, UK and Australia.

但是總體上來看，印尼華人的狀況要比印尼的平均水平要好，我覺得以下兩點至關重要：

對教育的重視：如果一個人想要他的後代能夠過上好的生活，那他一定要讓他的子女接受良好的教育。對於很多華人來講，這是他們的基本信條，這是符合中國的文化傳統的。財富在代際之間不斷傳承，持續的對教育進行投入，將教育作為階層躍升的工具，這種綜合素質的影響就使得海外華人逐漸成為了「模範族群」——教育程度高，富裕，低犯罪率。在美國英國和澳大利亞，華人確實是這麼做的，堪稱模範族群。

Butvery few Chinese in US, UK and Australia reached staggering levels of wealth asa few Indonesian-Chinese did in Indonesia. What is the difference? A key issuelies in the fact that Indonesia Chinese were eternally viewed as 「foreigners」in Indonesia. Being locked out of political and military participation in theearly days of the Indonesian republic, Suharto saw them as useful allies. Hegranted a few second-generation Indonesian-Chinese businessmen sole andexclusive 「licenses」 (e.g. monopolies etc) in certain industries, such as intrading or commodities. With monopolies in hand, they amassed vast wealth butno political power.

但是在英國和美國或澳大利亞，卻極少有華人能夠達到印尼華人的那樣的水平，這中間的主要區別在哪裡呢？一個關鍵的區別是——印度尼西亞華人永遠被視為「外國人」。早期，他們一直被鎖在了政治和軍事部門之外，蘇哈托只是將他們作為臨時的盟友來對待。

在某些行業——比如貿易或者商品流通，他授予了好幾個二代華人以特許商業經營權。因有了這些壟斷的權利，他們積累了大量的財富，但是他們沒法擁有政治權利。

Thiswas possible because as perpetual outsiders, they would never be rivals to hispolitical power, but would be useful (and submissive) partners in aclient-patronage system. With their vast wealth, any Indonesian political orgeneral could tap on them for 「funding」 or 「monetary resources」, since thelicenses that made so much money for the Indonesian-Chinese tycoons dependedsolely on the good grace of the politicians. Of course, most of thesemonopolies don』t exist since after 1998, but the Indonesian-Chinese Kongsi(conglomerates) have become so entrenched in the economy that the momentum oftheir economic power is unstoppable.

這是可行的，因為華人永遠無法參與到政治當中來，所以他們不會成為你的競爭對手，他們會成為很好的合作夥伴。因為華人擁有著大量的經濟資源，所以他們可以為印尼的官員或軍隊提供大量的支持。華人究竟能夠賺到多少錢？這很大程度上取決於印尼政府的態度。當然，在1998年之後，這種壟斷地位已經不復存在。但是印尼的華人在經濟界的地位已經根深蒂固，以至於很難再有什麼力量能夠影響到他們，他們在經濟界的影響力變得不可阻擋。

Thus,the key difference lie in the fact that Indonesia』s economy ultimately dependson a client-patronage system, in which a select few Indonesia-Chinese weresuccessfully able to exploit, while western economies were, more or less,free-market economies. I have interacted with Chinese towkays before, fromdifferent countries, and one key factor is that all were somewhat dependent ona client-patronage-network for deals and contracts, in one way or another. Somecalls this the 「Bamboo network」, others call this 「Guanxi」, while a few woulddescribe this as 「corruption」. Regardless of what the proper term is, it meansthat they do deals but they don』t do actual business strategy. And that is a keyweakness, because it is a myth that the Chinese are somewhat better are beingwealthy. if that was true, then Microsoft would have been founded by aChinese-American, while Sam Walton and Howard Hughes would have beenChinese-American - except that is not the case.

英美和印尼的主要區別在於印尼的市場是政府主導的，而英美的市場很大程度上是屬於自由競爭，這樣使得英美的華人很難獲得這樣的壟斷的機會。我曾經和很多中國的老闆打過交道，這些華人老闆分布在不同的國家，他們很大程度上都依賴於各自建立的關係網。有人把這稱為「竹網」，有人把這稱為「關係」，有些人把這稱為「腐敗」。不管你究竟把這個東西稱為什麼，這都意味著他們在做交易，而不是在進行真正的商業戰略規劃。這是一個非常大的問題，華人比其他族群更富裕，這可能是一個神話。因為如果這是真的話，那麼微軟將應該是由華裔創造的，而山姆.沃爾頓和霍華德.休斯也應該是華裔美國人，但是事實並非如此。

2. Ikhsan Radjab, Citizen of Indonesia

AnsweredAug 22, 2015

As achild, I once asked my father this exact same question. He answered my questionbased on his anecdotal experience which is probably not accurate, but couldgive some insight. His answer was:

WhenI was just a little boy, Chinese Indonesian was just as poor as the rest of us.They started as small business. But what makes them able to expand the businessmore rapidly because they invested heavily in their business. They give theirblood, sweat and tears developing their family business so that their familycould one day live comfortably. If they earn Rp1000, they will only use Rp100to indulge on their personal hobby. They will then use the rest of the money toexpand their business. The were more than happy to hold off buying fancy shirtsand jewelries. In short, they were willing to give up personal posession toexpand the business.

當我還是個孩子的時候，我曾經向我爸爸問過類似的問題。他以他自身的一些經歷來回答這個問題。當然，他的答案可能不是那麼準確，但是可以給我們一些啟發。他的回答是這樣的：他還是個小男孩的時候，印尼華人和印尼馬來人一樣窮。然後，華人開始做一些小生意。因為前期他們在商業上面投入了大量的精力，使得他們在後來能夠進行更快的擴張。他們為自己的家族生意付出汗水，淚水甚至鮮血。他們的目的就是想要家庭未來能夠過上更好的生活。如果他們賺了一千塊錢，他們會將一百塊錢用來支付他們個人的享受，剩下的900塊錢投入到他們的生意當中去。他們很少會去買昂貴的襯衫或者是漂亮的珠寶。簡而言之，他們願意為了擴大自己的商業版圖而犧牲個人的享受。

As Iget older, I see that there are Rich Chinese Indonesian and there are PoorChinese Indonesian, just as there are Rich Native Indonesian and Poor NativeIndonesian. It all down to personal effort and/or luck really, as we can"treally put Chinese Indonesian or Native Indonesian for that matter in one bigstereotype. Personally, I think it that "Native and ChineseIndonesian" dichotomy is an outdated concept. Because while theirancestors came from China, they ARE Indonesian, they were born in Indonesia,speak Indonesian, pay taxes in Indonesia, hold Indonesian passport, familiarwith Indonesian pop culture and so on. Sure, they may have squint eyes andfairer skin than Native Indonesian, but that doesn"t make them any lessIndonesian than Native.

後來我慢慢長大，我發現印尼既有富裕的華人，也有貧窮的華人。就好像印尼當地人一樣。這一切很大程度上歸結於個人的努力或者是運氣。我們不能用一個過分簡化的模型來認識這種分化。就我個人來看，能簡單的二分法是一種過時的觀念。因為儘管他們的先輩是來自於中國，但是他們現在已經是一名下人了，他們出生在印度尼西亞，說著印尼語，為印尼政府納稅，實際與護照，與印尼人共享著印尼的流行文化。

3. Roderick C Wahr

Answered Mar 11, 2016

I am a Eurasian (Swiss-Indonesian) but, dueto my father』s position in the community, I was raised western style andfollowed high school upwards in the Netherlands.I worked in Jakarta from 1987 -2003 as an ICT Consultant for the national government.

我是一個歐亞混血兒，我的父親是瑞士人，母親是印度尼西亞人。因為我父親在社區是一個很有聲望的人，所以我被以西方的方式來進行培養。我的高中生涯是在荷蘭度過的。在1987年至2003年間，我一直都在雅加達工作。我擔任印度尼西亞國家信息通信技術顧問。

During my stay I befriended many Indonesiannationals and those of Chinese-Indonesian descent in all layers of thepopulation.One day I had a discussion with a very good friend, a successfulChinese-Indonesian descendant. I asked him precisely the same question. I hadnoticed that the average full-blooded Indonesian often was far less successfuland had big problems making ends meet. At the end of their money there isalways a large chunk of month left to go. They usually like to spend theirmoney on gadgets an consumables to impress their environment with. I asked myfriend if Chinese people were smarter than Indonesians. But I was surprised andmuch enlightened by his answer.China is a massive country with lots of people.It was very hard to make a living in China; lack of resources, facilities andmoney. So people looked for other countries to try and make a living.

在我逗留印尼的那段時間裡，我認識了很多的華裔印尼人以及印尼本地人。有一天，我和我的一個好朋友進行了一番討論，我的好朋友是一個很成功的華裔的印尼人。我問了他同樣的問題。我注意到，純印尼血統的本地人通常都很不成功，而且他們的財務計劃似乎也有些問題。當他們把錢快使用光了的時候，他們總會把這些錢中的最大的一部分用來買一些小配件之類的東西，這樣可以使他們看起來好一些。我特意的問了我的中國朋友，我問他是否覺得中國人比印度尼希亞人更聰明。他的回答讓我很驚訝，同時也讓我深受啟發。中國是一個人口眾多的大國，在中國謀生是一件非常困難的事情。中國資源貧乏，設施也比較落後，而且缺乏資金，所以中國人會去其他國家尋求更好的生活環境。

When they come to Indonesia they findthemselves in someone else』s country, where people are also struggling to makea living. The difference being that these new Chinese families had nothing tofall back on, no relatives, since they had left everything behind. So theyrealised they would have to work hard for little money in order to becompetitive with the locals. The little money they earned they saved foreventual rainy days. So out of every 1000 Rupiahs they would take 300 Rupiahfor food and living quarters, 250 Rupiahs for education of the kids, 250Rupiahs reservation for medicine and the rest for savings. And they kept thisformula. When they had saved enough money they still adhered to the sameformula, they still would not buy a big car, luxury clothes and such.

當他們來到印度尼西亞的時候，他們有著濃厚的「外來者」的情節，印度尼西亞的人民也在努力的謀生。不同的是，這些來到一名下的人，沒有什麼可以依靠的，沒有親戚，沒有朋友，他們把一切都留在了老家。因此，他們意識到，他們必須要用極有限的資源去和別人進行競爭。儘管他們掙的錢很少，他們也會把錢小心的存起來，以備不時之需。所以如果他們賺了一千印尼盾，他們花在吃的上面的錢大概只有300印尼盾。250印尼盾用於子女的教育，250印尼盾存起來以備患病之需。剩下的200印尼盾會存起來。他們一直都按照這個原則行事，即使他們已經攢夠了一些錢，他們依然謹守規矩。他們絕對不會把這些錢拿去買一輛車，奢侈品或者是其他的東西。

If they could invest, they would do that ina house, and in eduction for the kids. They would not squander their money inluxury items, they would look at every expense and make it an investment. Ifthey bought a car, it would be just enough so they could do their business.Their food would still be the same, no luxuries. Their clothing would be justenough to be presentable, no more! When they could invest in business, thenthey would only invest in reliability and profitability. That is how theyeventually own large businesses. Eventually they just make money because theyhave money. They are also very smart in making use of the greed of others. They"buy" the locals and make them dependent of them and also make themtheir front men. These Chinese-Indonesians don"t like to be noticeable,realising fully well that it could cause envy.I then started looking around andfound lots of confirmation of this theory around me. I had an InternetDevelopment office in Jakarta. I rented an office in a 3-storey building. Atthe ground floor there was a little grubby shop where the building owner hadhis own little place. He sold gold and silver trinkets. He wasChinese-Indonesian.

如果他們有投資的機會，他們就會投資房地產，或者是為子女的教育投資。他們絕對不會把錢花在奢侈品上，他能把每一次花費都當作是投資。如果他們買了一輛車，一定是因為他們的生意需要他買車。他們的飲食也會始終如一，沒有很奢華的東西。他們穿的衣服也會儘可能的儉省，不會有多餘的東西。當他們進行商業投資的時候，他們只會投資於可靠性比較高，而且能夠獲利的行業。這就是為什麼很多華裔最後能夠建立起自己的產業。他們最終之所以能賺錢，因為他們曾經攢夠了足夠的資本。華人在利用別人的貪婪方面也很有技巧。他們收買了當地人，這些當地人必須要依靠這些華裔，而這些印尼人會作為這些華裔的代理人，他們不想在印尼引起太多的關注，過度的關注往往會導致嫉妒。

4. Ju boo Lim, Nutritionist, Medical Research Officer, Special Scienceand Medical Adviser

Answered Feb 1, 2017

It is not why the Indonesian Chinese aremuch wealthier than the rest of the population in Indonesia. It is why theChinese is much wealthier than the rest of the local population wherever theyhave settled throughout the world I have travelled to a lot of countries duringmy student days, and I have observed this everywhere I go especially in thedeveloping countries, be it in India, Bangladesh, Indonesia or Philippines, andeven in Australia, or in Canada or in parts of United States The answer is verysimple. The Chinese is an extremely hard working race oppressed by thousands ofyears of political uprising in the warring states, suffered hardship andpoverty in their homeland in ancient China. That made them a very hardy,ambitious, resilient, durable and hard-working race on this planet. It is thejust the question of survival of the fittest in the human race.

你不應該問「為何印尼的華人比當地人更富裕？」 你應該問「為何世界各地的華人普遍都比當地人更富裕？」在我還是一個學生的時候，我曾經去過世界很多國家，我已經注意到這個現象，這一現象在發展中國家特別明顯。無論你說的是印度，孟加拉國，印度尼西亞或菲律賓，甚至連澳大利亞，加拿大和美國的很多地區都是如此。其實答案非常簡單——華人是一個工作非常努力的民族，他們經歷了數千年的王朝史，他們需要付出大量的體力和智力去解決問題。在歷史上也經常會遇到各種苦難，災荒，貧窮。他們非常努力，野心勃勃，堅韌不拔，百折不撓，他們成為這個星球上一隻非常有生命力的力量。其實這是一個簡單的生存遊戲——你要如何才能夠生存下去？

But once political oppressions are lifted,and opportunities given to them, they just rise, and rise above all otherraces. We see this phenomenon outside China in SE Asian countries likeIndonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, and Thailand just after the World War II In allcountries where the Chinese are the majority like Hong Kong, Taiwan, andSingapore and where they are not oppressed but given the opportunity to createwealth for themselves and the country, you can clearly see this effect not justamong the Chinese, but the impact on the economy for the whole country.

世界很多地方對於外來移民都有一定的限制，一旦這種政治上的壓制被解除，一旦他們獲得機會，他們就會崛起，並開始超越其他的民族。在二次世界大戰之後，中國以外的其他的東亞地區都出現了這樣的現象。比如印度尼西亞，馬來西亞，新加坡和泰國。任何一個地區，只要華人能夠佔據主導，比如香港，台灣和新加坡。只要他們不是被壓迫，他們能夠回來的機會，他們就能夠為自己和國家創造財富。這種影響並非僅僅只是限於華人內部，而是會蔓延到整個國家。

Even in Malaysia where only about 22 % ofthe population of about 30 million is Chinese, they still are the richest evenwhen most of the economic opportunities were given to the local Malays sincethe implementation of the New Economic Policy (NEP) in 1971. Yet they stillsurvive very well even when the NEP was extended and even expanded until today.Their ambition to succeed and rise up is just in their blood no matter how muchyou suppressed them.

馬來西亞有3000萬人口，大約22%是華人，他們依然非常富裕。你可能不知道！馬來西亞當地的很多資源和機會，只是給當地人，不給華人。自1971年馬來西亞開始實行新經濟政策以來，這種局面已經持續非常久了。這個政策直到今天依然有效。但是儘管如此，這些華人依然生存的很好。事實上，馬來西亞的華人被邊緣化後，他們依然非常的堅強，依然韌性十足。無論你如何限制他們，都無法壓制他們對於成功的渴望。

The Chinese still hold most of the businessbecause of their resilient to hardship and difficulties. That made them evenmore fit and willing to survive above all other races. In fact being deprivedof scholarships and entry into local public universities, they work even harderto send their children to study in expensive overseas universities. Thatambition is in their blood. It is just the law of Nature of Nature thatprescribes 「survival of the fittest」 in the long run. The Chinese stronglybelieves that if you just continue to give a man a fish every day withouthelping him to fish and defend himself, you will eventually weaken him evenmore.

今日華人控制了馬來西亞絕大部分商業！馬來西亞的華人被剝奪了獎學金，他們進入當地公立大學的名額很少。馬來西亞當地是不鼓勵華文教育，當地華人就自己籌錢，建立華文學校。但是，這些學校的學歷是不被馬來西亞政府承認的。因為這個原因，他們甚至願意花更大的錢才讓他們的孩子去海外讀書。這大概也是華人的一種習慣吧。從長期的歷史來看，這是典型的大自然的法則——適者生存。中國人有一個信念——如果你只是給人一條魚，但是你不教他捕魚，那麼最終這個人將會逐漸虛弱下去。

He will then become regressive instead ofbecoming stronger and independent after a period of continuous feeding. TheChinese believes that over a period of time he will become aggressive andbegins to get angry and revoke against the feeder if the feeder no longer canafford to continue giving him his daily fish. Hence their proverb taught themto fend for themselves to become even more resilient and robust. The Chinese donot beg, or expect wealth to drop down upon them from heaven or simply given tothem, not necessary just in Indonesia.They are guided by the wisdom of theirancient proverb that says 「give a man a fish, you feed him only for a day, butif you teach him to fish, you feed him for life」 This is part of their ancientwisdom. Because of their nature for hard work and preparedness to struggle inadversity for 5000 years in their history and civilization, this belief andnature becomes incorporated in their genes and blood, and becomes part of theircharacter.

這個人將逐漸退步，而不是變得更強或者是更獨立。而且，中國人認為，如果這種情況持續下去，有一天你不再給這個人魚的話，他還會反過來怨恨你。他們的格言教導他們「戰勝自我，不斷變強！」中國人不會乞討，不崇尚天上掉餡餅這樣的美事，在印度尼西亞也是如此。他們古老的格言教育他們——授之以魚不如授之以漁。這是中國古老的智慧。他們在歷史長河中已經奮戰了5000年，這種信念已經深入到他們的骨髓裡面去了。

We see this very clearly in modern Chinatoday with 1.34 billion hard working Chinese there, and another 100 millionChinese settled outside China today, especially in Singapore, Taiwan and HongKong SAR where they flourished untamed and given every opportunity and freedomto proper as Asian economic dragons for their nations. I think wherever theChinese have chosen to settle in a country outside China they bring tremendouswealth to that country. We can see this in SE Asian countries where the Chineseflourished. They bring wealth and economy there through sheer hard work. I wastold that the Chinese population in Indonesia is only 2 % out of 200 millionpeople, but they hold 80 % of the economy? I am not sure how far this is true,but I know most of them are exceedingly rich compared with the localsWhen I wasa postgraduate student in the mid 1966』s at the University of London, Iremember clearly what one of our visiting professors told us:

「the quality of anation does not depend on the quantity of the people in the country, but thequality of her citizens」

在現代的中國，這種趨勢愈加明顯。中國有13.4億努力工作的人，有另外一億華人散布在世界各地。這主要包括新加坡，台灣，香港，這幾個地區都成了亞洲經濟四小龍。在我看來，無論中國人選擇在中國還是在世界其他的地方工作，他們都能夠為所在國帶來巨大的經濟利益。我們可以在亞洲的很多國家看到華人的成就。我曾經看過一些材料，這些材料說印度尼西亞的華人只佔當地人口的2%，但是他們掌握了印尼私人財富的80%？我不知道這個數據的準確性到底有多高。但是我知道，他們與大多數當地人比起來的話，他們要富裕的多。1966年的時候，我在倫敦大學讀研究生，我清楚的記得我們的一位客座教授告訴我們的話——一個國家的質量並不取決於這個國家的人口的數量，而是取決於這個國家國民的素質的。

What struck me were contrasting words likenation and country, quality and quantity, quantity of people and citizens. Itwas so appropriate.But what if a country like China with 1.34 billionhard-working and ambitious citizens inside that nation, we can clearly see theeffect of modern China today as a fire-breathing dragon just awakened after5000 years of slumber, and re-coiling her body today towards a horrendous riseas the next superpower on this planet They are advancing so fast in everything,from quality of education, the high standard of the universities, their scienceand technology, their culture, music and fine arts, their emerging militarymight, their super-fast trains crisscrossing the country, their world fastestsuper computers, their highly advanced space technology, they have the worldlargest radio telescope, their gleaming cities with the world longest bridgesacross the seas, let alone having the world second largest economy…etc. etc,the list goes on.

當時有幾個概念深深的觸動了我，這些概念分別是：「國民」和「國家」，「數量」和「質量」，「人民數量」和「公民數量」。中國已經有13.4億人，這些人勤勞且野心勃勃，他們推動了中國前進。在經歷了5000年的災難之後，他們浴火重生，正在變成這個星球上下一個超級大國。在中國，一切都在快速進步當中。這包括如下的一些內容——教育質量，高水平的大學，科學技術，文化，音樂，藝術，快速提升的軍事力量，高速列車，最快的超級計算機，以及高科技的空間技術，世界上最大的射電望遠鏡。中國還有著非常漂亮的城市，有最長的跨海大橋。中國還是世界上第二大經濟體等等，這個名單一直在繼續。

All these achievements are just because oftheir hard work and determinations. Their wealth did not drop down from heavenfor them, nor do they beg for them, nor were they given to them for free.I hopethis explains why the Indonesian Chinese do much better and more wealthy thanthe rest of the local populations. It is the same scenario everywhere wherethere are Chinese. During my students days I saw them live more decently, dressmore smartly, speaks fluent English, much more educated, much more westernized,eat and live in houses much better than the local population, and do businessvery successfully. Their attitude is entirely different from the mind-set ofthe native population. I saw this in every country I visited and stayed, notjust in Indonesia.

這一切的成就都是由於努力拚搏而得來的。中國人的財富並不是天上掉下來的，他們也沒有乞求任何人，一切都不是免費的。我希望這個回答能夠為「為何華人普遍比印尼人更富裕」這個問題提供一個解釋。當我還是學生的時候，我見到的華人通常都舉止得體，穿著講究，英語流利，受到良好的教育，很西方化，他們當時住的房子普遍比當地人要更好，他們做生意也非常成功。他們很多想法與當地人也非常不同。我周遊列國，在世界各地停留，我所看到的東西是基於我的親眼所見，我並非僅僅只是講印度尼西亞的狀況。

Tiny Singapore for instance is one of thewealthiest countries in the world with 75 % Chinese there, and is just nextdoor to Malaysia.I quote what Nobel Prize laureate and novelist Pearl S. Bucksaid about the Chinese race:

新加坡有75%的人口是華人，這是世界上最富有的國家之一。新加坡是馬來西亞的鄰居，我引用一下諾貝爾文學獲得者「珀爾·巴克」（譯者註：唯一 一個同時獲得普利策獎和諾貝爾獎的女作家，也是目前作品流傳語種最多的美國作家。）對中國人的評價:

「Nothing and no onecan destroy the Chinese people. They are relentless survivors. They are theoldest civilized people on earth. Their civilization passes through phases butits basic characteristics remain the same. They yield, they bend to the wind,but they never break.」

―Pearl S. Buck

沒有什麼能摧毀中國人民。他們是無情的倖存者。他們歷史悠久，文脈不絕。雖歷經劫難而初心不改——身起隨風勢，風落不折枝。

———珀爾·巴克

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