馴獸人手冊文末附翻譯
How to tame the tech titans
The dominance of Google, Facebook and Amazon is bad for consumers and competition
NOT long ago, being the boss of a big Western tech firm was a dream job. As the billions rolled in, so did theplaudits: Google, Facebook, Amazon and others were making the world a better place. Today these companies are accused of being BAADD—big, anti-competitive, addictive and destructive to democracy. Regulators fine them, politicians grill them andone-timebackers warn of their power to cause harm.
又是一個設問形式的正標題,作者的文章意圖顯露無遺:採取措施限制科技巨擎。副標題一句話提煉關鍵觀點:任由這些科技巨擎發展將會損害消費者利益,削弱競爭。第一段講述外界對於科技巨擎態度的變化——從齊聲歌頌到警告提防、貶低批評他們。
Much of this techlash is misguided. The presumption that big businesses must necessarily be wicked isplainwrong. Apple is to be admired as the world』s most valuable listed company for the simple reason that it makes things people want to buy, even while facing fierce competition. Many online services would be worse if their providers were smaller. Evidence for the link between smartphones and unhappiness is weak. Fake news is not only an online phenomenon.
作者提出第一個觀點:認為大企業就一定會「作惡」本身就是荒謬的。1、蘋果市值這麼高是因為它在激烈的競爭下依舊能夠做出人們渴望購買的產品;2、如果網路服務提供商規模很小的話,如今的很多網路服務會比現在差很多;3、人們尚無可靠的證據證明智能手機和個人感覺不幸高度相關;4、假新聞也不是網路獨有的現象。
But big tech platforms, particularly Facebook, Google and Amazon, do indeed raise a worry about fair competition. That is partly because they often benefit fromlegal exemptions. Unlike publishers, Facebook and Google are rarely held responsible for what users do on them; and for years most American buyers on Amazon did not pay sales tax. Nor do the titans simply compete in a market. Increasingly, they are the market itself, providing the infrastructure (or 「platforms」) for much of the digital economy. Many of their services appear to be free, but users 「pay」 for them by giving away their data. Powerful though they already are, their huge stockmarket valuations suggest that investors are counting on them to double or even triple in size in the next decade.
作者的第二個觀點:對科技巨擎破壞公平競爭的擔憂不無道理。那些科技巨擎們享受了法律上的特別優勢,讓他們可以免於面對一些相當棘手的法律問題;它們不是簡單地在市場中競爭,因為它們本生就是市場(這是數字時代的特徵,很多科技大型公司做的是平台,是生態圈。它們已經進化成某種不可或缺的基礎設施了);它們的產品和服務看似免費,但實際代價高昂。實際上,是用戶拿寶貴的個人信息來交換的。
There is thus a justified fear that the tech titans will use their power to protect and extend their dominance, to the detriment of consumers. The tricky task for policymakers is to restrain them without unduly stifling innovation.
承上啟下的一段。我們可以清晰低看到作者的行文邏輯:用過去和現在的對比開頭,自然而然低引發讀者思考,為何會這樣?然後分別提出觀點——認為大企業就一定會「作惡」本身就是荒謬的。但為了體現客觀性,作者也提到,外界對科技巨擎們的擔憂不無道理,也分析了形成這種心理的背後邏輯。最後強調政策制定者們想辦法限制這些巨擎的發展,保護創新不是一件容易的事情。
The less severe contest
The platforms have become so dominant because they benefit from 「network effects」.Size begets size: the more sellers Amazon, say, can attract, the more buyers will shop there, which attracts more sellers, and so on. By some estimates, Amazon captures over 40% of online shopping in America. With more than 2bn monthly users, Facebook holds sway over the media industry. Firms cannot do without Google, which in some countries processes more than 90% of web searches. Facebook and Google control two-thirds of America』s online ad revenues.
科技巨擎們(特別是做平台的那些公司)尤其從規模效應中收益。後面列舉了很多案例,看了後有沒有覺得國內和它們簡直一模一樣?
America』s trustbusters have given tech giants the benefit of the doubt. They look for consumer harm, which is hard to establish when prices are falling and services are 「free」. The firms themselves stress that a giant-killing startup is just a click away and that they could be toppled by a new technology, such as the blockchain. Before Google and Facebook, Alta Vista and MySpace werethebee』s knees. Who remembers them?
這一段很有意思,值得思考。實際上,政府部門不是沒有盯上科技巨擎們,但難點在於給它們「定罪」。你說危害消費者利益吧,可它們提供的產品或服務價格要不下降,要不「免費」(注意原文free打了引號,原因我剛才已講; 你說它們形成壟斷吧,它們一直強調數字時代不同了,下一個潛在殺手,業界顛覆者隨時可能出現。是的,聽起來都挺有道理,沒毛病。
However, the barriers to entry are rising. Facebook not only owns the world』s largest pool of personal data, but also its biggest 「social graph」—the list of its members and how they are connected. Amazon has more pricing information than any other firm. Voice assistants, such as Amazon』s Alexa and Google』s Assistant, will give them even more control over how people experience the internet. China』s tech firms have the heft to compete, but are not about to getunfetteredaccess to Western consumers.
但實際上,一旦壟斷形成,進入市場的門檻也在不斷升高。科技巨擎手中掌握的大數據是數字時代最寶貴的財富(我之前分析過經濟學人另一篇文章,正好講的是這個主題,點我閱讀),也是新興創業企業最大的,難以克服的難關。
If this trend runs its course, consumers will suffer as the tech industry becomes less vibrant. Less money will go into startups, most good ideas will be bought up by the titans and, one way or another, the profits will be captured by the giants.
這種趨勢如果繼續下去,必然會損害科技行業本身,而那些巨擎們的優勢將不斷被強化。
The early signs are already visible. The European Commission has accused Google of using control of Android, its mobile operating system, togive its own apps a leg up. Facebook keeps buying firms which could one day lure users away: first Instagram, then WhatsApp and most recently tbh, an app that lets teenagers send each other compliments anonymously. Although Amazon is still increasing competition in aggregate, as industries from groceries to television can attest, it can also spot rivals and squeeze them from the market.
而上面提到的情況正在發生,科技巨擎們為了維持競爭優勢,要不給自家產品更多優勢,要不收購潛在競爭對手,要不就把它們消滅在萌芽狀態。
The rivalry remedy
What to do? In the past, societies have tackled monopolies either by breaking them up, as with Standard Oil in 1911, or by regulating them as a public utility, as with AT&T in 1913. Today both those approaches have big drawbacks. The traditional tools of utilities regulation, such as price controls and profit caps, are hard to apply, since most products are free and would come at a high price in forgone investment and innovation. Likewise, a full-scale break-up would cripple the platforms』 economies of scale, worsening the service they offer consumers. And even then, in all likelihood one of the Googlettes or Facebabies would eventually sweep all before it as the inexorable logic of network effects reasserted itself.
過去對付壟斷企業的方法(如拆分或者價格管制)如今都不好使,畢竟時代不同了,商業模式也發生了巨大變化。進行價格或利潤管制吧,他們很多產品本來就是免費的;強行進行拆分吧,可能會使他們的服務質量下降,這反倒與保護消費者的初衷違背。
The lack of a simple solution deprives politicians of easy slogans, but does not leave trustbusters impotent. Two broad changes of thinking would go a long way towards sensibly taming the titans. The first is to make better use of existing competition law. Trustbusters should scrutinise mergers to gauge whether a deal is likely to neutralise a potential long-term threat, even if the target is small at the time. Such scrutiny might have prevented Facebook』s acquisition of Instagram and Google』s of Waze, which makes navigation software. To ensure that the platforms do not favour their own products, oversight groups could be set up todeliberateon complaints from rivals—a bit like the independent 「technical committee」 created by the antitrust case against Microsoft in 2001. Immunity to content liability must go, too.
難倒就沒有辦法治一治這些科技巨擎了嗎?怎麼可能!?1、充分利用現有競爭法規。對市場上出現的科技巨擎針對中小企業的併購,反壟斷機構需要仔細甄別,是否他們的主要目的是為了消除潛在威脅,維護自身利益?也可以成立監管小組,來接受科技巨擎競爭對手們的投訴。同時,也要取消它們對所發布內容的法律豁免權。
Second, trustbusters need to think afresh about how tech markets work. A central insight, one increasingly discussed among economists and regulators, is that personal data are the currency in which customers actually buy services. Through that prism, the tech titans receive valuable information—on their users』 behaviour, friends and purchasing habits—in return for their products. Just as America drew up sophisticated rules about intellectual property in the 19th century, so it needs a new set of laws to govern the ownership and exchange of data, with the aim of giving solid rights to individuals.
我認為這一段段建議是全文的亮點,最有新意的地方。這也是作者提出的第二點監管建議(接上一段):2、以全新的視角去理解和看待科技行業市場的運作方式,並制定相應法規來限制科技巨擎們對用戶個人數據的使用,以便更好的保護消費者。
In essence this means giving people more control over their information. If a user so desires, key data should be made available in real time to other firms—as banks in Europe are now required to do with customers』 account information.Regulators could oblige platform firms to make anonymised bulk data available to competitors, in return for a fee, a bit like the compulsory licensing of a patent.Such data-sharing requirements could be calibrated to firms』 size: the bigger platforms are, the more they have to share. These mechanisms would turn data from something titans hoard, to suppress competition, into something users share, to foster innovation.
此段作者提出的第三點建議非常理想化,3、要打破科技巨擎的數據壁壘,促進行業創新和競爭,那隻能通過強制手段,充分分享用戶產生的各種數據。注意,此處他的初衷不是說用戶可以拒絕像科技企業提供個人隱私數據,而是通過賦予用戶決定權(決定給哪些公司分享經過處理的個人數據),來體現用戶對個人數據的掌控權利。但問題是,分享才是關鍵,你作為用戶能做的只是決定分享給誰而已。這個其實也體現了科技時代的一個二元悖論:既要保護個人隱私,又要充分享受科技帶來的便利。在我看來,這是很難做到兩全其美的。想要享受科技帶來的巨大便利,就必須讓渡一部分個人權利。因為現代的很多科技服務都是基於大量個人數據的前提下的,換句話說,科技設備掌握越多你的個人信息,就越能了解你,也可以給你提供越智能的服務。對於一個不泄漏任何個人信息的用戶,那無異於一個黑盒子,為他們提供個性化定製服務是不可能的。
None of this will be simple, but it would tame the titans without wrecking the gains they have brought. Users would find it easier to switch between services. Upstart competitors would have access to some of the data that larger firms hold and thus be better equipped to grow to maturity without beinggobbled up. And shareholders could no longer assume monopoly profits for decades to come.
總結結束段,針對前面提出的種種弊端,上文已經給出了解決方案,作者在這裡強調,雖然這些方法都不太容易達到,但依然描繪了一個問題解決後的美好圖景。
總的來說,本文文字沒有什麼難度,而且結構清晰,邏輯連貫,我們一起來從更高層面梳理一下。文章通過兩個小標題可以劃分為三個部分。第一部分,分析人們對科技巨擎們壟斷市場的擔憂背後的邏輯;第二部分,講科技巨擎們事實上壟斷市場帶來的種種弊端以及監管上存在的難度;第三部分,作者對症下藥,針對第二部分提出的問題給出解決方案。是不是這樣一看,清楚了很多呢?
最後,我再說說自己的一點思考。我認為,當下對科技行業巨頭們監管存在難度的根本原因是,市場尚未跟上時代變化,對用戶的隱私數據進行定價。科技行業「看起來免費」的外衣給他們一個強有力的保護傘,我不向用戶收取費用,曾經的一系列監管手段就統統失效了。但實際上,就是用戶產生的寶貴數據支撐著這些企業的快速發展壯大,甚至盈利。這也是數字時代的一個顯著特徵——做產品固然重要,但終極目標都是做平台和生態圈,抓住互聯網入口,因為那才是真正的搖錢樹。環顧四周,無論是國內還是國外,最終成功的科技巨擎們很多都是走的這條路。Facebook, twitter, 微信、QQ、微博都是做社交平台;ebay, 淘寶,天貓,京東做電子商務平台;Google,百度,bing做搜索平台;支付寶、微信支付、paypal做支付平台;App Store, Google Play, 豌豆莢做應用分發平台;連uber,滴滴都做出行平台……基本上,你能想到的各種現代生活場景,都有公司入駐在打造平台。如果市場有一天對用戶隱私進行了合理定價和規範,那些科技巨頭們也不會像如今這樣飛速成長,直至無法有效監管。
附全文翻譯,譯文源自網路,並未校核,僅供參考:
如何制服科技巨人?
不久前,在大型西方科技公司做老闆還是一份讓人夢寐以求的工作。在億萬財富滾滾而來之時,還能收穫交口稱讚:谷歌、Facebook、亞馬遜等公司正讓世界變得更加美好。而今天,這些公司備受指責——規模太大、反競爭、令人上癮、破壞民主。監管機構對它們開出罰單,政客對它們嚴厲質詢,曾經的支持者也發出警告,指出它們勢力過大,可能造成危害。
大部分對科技企業的抵制都有失偏頗。大企業一定就邪惡這種推斷完全錯誤。世界上市值最高的上市公司蘋果廣受尊重,原因很簡單:即便面臨激烈的競爭,蘋果仍能生產出消費者願意買單的產品。如果在線服務供應商的規模比實際上要小,很多服務的質量就要打折扣。沒有強有力的證據證明智能手機與幸福感低之間有關聯,假新聞也並非網路獨有。
然而大型科技平台確實引發了對公平競爭的擔憂,特別是Facebook、谷歌和亞馬遜。原因之一是它們經常因免於承擔法律責任而受益。與出版商不同,Facebook和谷歌很少為用戶在其平台上的行為負責。多年來,亞馬遜上的大部分美國買家都沒有支付消費稅。這幾個超級巨頭也不只是在市場上競爭,它們正日益變成市場本身,為大部分數字經濟提供基礎設施(即「平台」)。它們的許多服務看似免費,但用戶在交出自己的數據時實際就在「付費」了。儘管它們已經實力強大,但其巨大的市值表明,投資者期待未來十年它們的規模能再增加一倍甚至兩倍。
因此有理由擔心,科技巨頭會利用自身實力來保護和擴大它們的主導地位,進而損害消費者的利益。政策制定者面臨的棘手任務是既要約束它們,又要避免過度約束而扼殺創新。
越來越沒有懸念的競賽
這些平台之所以能夠稱霸,原因在於「網路效應」。比方說,亞馬遜上的賣家越多,就會吸引更多買家來購物,而這又能吸引更多的賣家。如此這般,雪球越滾越大。據估計,亞馬遜搶佔了美國網購總額的40%以上。Facebook的月活躍用戶超過20億,掌控著媒體行業。企業離不開谷歌,在一些國家,90%以上的網路搜索用的都是谷歌。Facebook和谷歌這兩家公司控制了美國在線廣告收入的三分之二。
美國的反壟斷機構對科技巨頭使用了無罪推定。它們要先找到消費者受害的證據,但在價格下降、服務「免費」的情況下很難做到。這些巨頭自己也強調,說不定點一下滑鼠的工夫,擊垮巨頭的創業公司就出現了,而且它們還可能會被類似區塊鏈的新技術所顛覆。谷歌和Facebook出現之前,Alta Vista和MySpace都是行業翹楚,如今誰還記得它們?
然而,行業門檻在不斷抬高。Facebook不僅擁有世界上最豐富的個人數據,還有最大的「社交圖譜」——用戶名單以及用戶之間的聯繫。亞馬遜掌握的定價信息比其他任何公司都多。亞馬遜的Alexa和谷歌的Assistant這些語音助手將能讓它們更好地控制人們的互聯網體驗。中國的科技企業有競爭的實力,但還不能自由地服務西方的消費者。
如果任由這個趨勢發展,科技行業會變得缺乏活力,消費者利益也會因而受損。投向創業公司的資金會減少,大多數好的創意都將被巨頭買斷,而且,利潤總歸都會被巨頭收入囊中。
這種情況已初見端倪。歐盟委員會指控谷歌利用其移動操作系統安卓預裝自家的應用。Facebook一直在收購那些有朝一日可能會分流其用戶的公司:先是Instagram,然後是WhatsApp,最近是tbh——一個讓青少年匿名讚美對方的應用。儘管亞馬遜總體而言仍在促進競爭,從食品雜貨到電視等行業都可以證明,但它也有可能識別出競爭對手並將其擠出市場。
對抗療法
該怎麼辦呢?過去各國處理壟斷企業的辦法或是將其拆分,比如1911年對標準石油公司的拆分,或是將它們當作公用事業來監管,例如1913年對AT&T採取的措施。今天,這兩種方法都有很大的缺陷。價格管制和利潤上限等傳統的公用事業管制工具難以應用,因為大部分產品都是免費的,而且還會抑制投資和創新,代價太高。同樣,完全肢解將削弱這些平台的規模經濟,導致提供給消費者的服務質量下降。而且即使拆分了谷歌、Facebook這樣的企業,由於網路效應無可避免地會重新發揮作用,其中的某個「小谷歌」或「小Facebook」最終還是很可能再次橫掃市場。
缺乏簡單的解決辦法會讓政客找不出簡明的口號,但不至於讓反壟斷機構無能為力。如果能大幅轉變兩種思考方式,將大大有助於巧妙地馴服這些大傢伙。首先是更好地利用現有的競爭法規。反壟斷機構應該仔細審查兼并案,判斷某項兼并是否有可能消除潛在的長遠的威脅,即使當時兼并對象的規模還很小。以前如果有這樣的審查,Facebook可能就不會收購Instagram,谷歌也不會收購導航軟體Waze了。要確保平台不偏袒自己的產品,可以設立監督小組來審議對手的投訴,這有點像2001年針對微軟反壟斷案成立的獨立「技術委員會」。對內容免責的豁免也必須取消。
其次,反壟斷機構需要重新思考科技市場的運作方式。經濟學家和監管機構討論的越來越多的一個重要見解是,消費者實際上是用個人數據作為貨幣來購買服務的。從這個角度看,科技巨頭通過產品獲得了關於用戶行為、人際關係和購買習慣的寶貴信息。美國在19世紀制定了有關知識產權的複雜規則,同樣,現在它需要一套新的法律來管理數據的所有權和交換,好讓個人能切實掌握自己的權利。
這實質上是讓人們更好地控制自己的信息。如果用戶有需要,關鍵數據就應實時提供給其他公司,現在歐洲的銀行在處理客戶賬戶信息方面就被要求做到這一點。監管機構可以要求平台公司向競爭對手提供匿名的批量數據,換取一定的費用,有點像專利的強制許可。這種數據共享要求可以根據企業的規模作調整:企業越大,要共享的數據就越多。這些做法能把巨頭為了抑制競爭而囤積的數據變成可供用戶分享、促進創新的數據。
這些事做起來都不容易,但能讓科技巨頭收斂,同時又不破壞它們帶來的好處。用戶轉換服務也會更容易。崛起的競爭對手可以獲得大公司持有的部分數據,從而更有可能成長壯大而不是被吞併。股東們則再也不能指望未來幾十年都獲得壟斷利潤了。


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