易混淆刑事罪名翻譯辨析
大家在進行刑事類法律文書翻譯過程中，往往會接觸到刑事罪名的確定。這通常也會給翻譯者造成不少困難，引起譯者以及讀者的混淆。許多近義或者同意的罪名往往擁有不同的事實構成要件。在準確選擇的基礎上，才會明晰「何罪之有」，讓犯罪之人「罪有應得」。
在上一篇推送的基礎上，我們又整理出3組易混淆的英文罪名供大家翻譯時參考。
defalcation, embezzlement, encroachment
空白
三者中文譯文都是侵吞、侵佔、但其內涵有所不同。
Defalcation 挪用公款罪（侵吞、侵佔公家或其所託管的金錢）。
Embezzlement：侵吞任何錢物，如美國一位在精子庫工作的女職員未經委託人同意，私自動用某名人精子為己授精生子，受物主委託管理財產的人，為了自己的利益，對該財產實施欺騙性挪用、吞沒或轉換的行為。
Embezzlement: the fraudulent taking of personal property with which one has been entrusted, esp. as a fiduciary. The criminal intent for embezzlement, unlike larceny and false pretenses, arises after taking procession (not before or during the taking). Embezzlement can be defined as the fraudulent conversion of the property of another by one who has lawful possession of the property and whose fraudulent conversion has been made punishable by the statute.
Encroachment：對他人財產、權利或權力的侵犯、侵吞他人的不動產，如土地。
Encroachment: 1. An infringement of another』s right. 2. An interference with or intrusion onto another』s property.
blackmail, extortion, racketeering
這一組的中文譯文均為敲詐勒索，但前者一般指不使用暴力、通過威脅、如泄露對對方有害的資料而索取錢財；中間一詞指通過暴力、地位、權利等各種手段索取金錢；後者則類似「fraud」，以恐嚇暴力或其他非法手段向合法企業強鎖錢財。
Blackmail: threatening demand made without justification;
Extortion: the offense committed by a public official who illegally obtains property under the color of office; esp., an official』s collection of an unlawful fee.
Racketeering: 1. A system of organized crime traditionally involving the extortion of money from businesses by intimidation, violence, or other illegal methods. 2. A pattern of illegal activity (such as bribery, extortion, fraud, and murder) carried out as part of an enterprise (such as a crime syndicate) that is owned or controlled by those engaged in the illegal activity.
murder, homicide, manslaughter
Murder：故意殺人，即謀殺。它專指「有預謀的蓄意謀殺」，區別於manslaughter『誤殺』。
Murder, as defined in common law countries, is the unlawful killing of another human being with intent (or malice aforethought), and generally this state of mind distinguishes murder from other forms of unlawful homicide (such as manslaughter).
Manslaughter：指「過失殺人」或「誤殺」，著重於沒有預謀的殺人。所以，非自願的殺人，被稱為 involuntary manslaughter。甚至，即使是有意的殺人行為：，但顯然具有從輕情節的，比如遇到對方挑釁、出於職務上的原因、或者出於正當防衛的殺人，也稱 voluntary manslaughter，而不用murder這個詞。
Manslaughter is a legal term for the killing of a human being, in a manner considered by law as less culpable（意圖） than murder. The law generally differentiates between levels of criminal culpability based on the mens rea（犯罪意圖）, or state of mind. This is particularly true within the law of homicide, where murder requires either the intent to kill, a state of mind called malice, or malice aforethought（預謀）, which may involve an unintentional killing but with a wilful disregard for life. Manslaughter is usually broken down into two distinct categories: voluntary manslaughter and involuntary manslaughter.
Homicide：則泛指所有的殺人，既包括意外的過失殺人，也包括故意殺人。如 The homicide rate has doubled in the last five years.(在過去五年中，殺人犯罪率增加了一倍。)這顯然指各種各樣的殺人案件。如culpable homicide (刑事殺人)，justifiable homicide (正當殺人)等都包括在內。
Homicide (Latin: homicidium, Latin: homo human being + Latin: caedere to cut, kill) refers to the act of a human killing a human being. A common form of homicide, for example, would be murder. It can also describe a person who has committed such an act, though this use is rare in modern English. Homicide is not always an illegal act, so although 「homicide」 is often used as a synonym for 「murder」, this is not formally correct.
