警惕！5中國譯員在日本被捕 版權陷阱要注意
At the start of February, five Chinese nationals were arrested in Japan for translating manga and games. The five suspects were allegedly part of a large translating group that distributes Chinese-translated Japanese media online.
2月初，5名中國公民因翻譯漫畫和遊戲在日本被捕。這五名嫌疑人據稱是某大型翻譯小組的成員，該小組負責將日本媒體的內容翻譯成中文，並在網上傳播。
Specifics cited in news reports claim that two of the suspects are a 24-year-old female research student and a 25-year-old female graduate student. They were arrested for translating a manga series and character dialogues for a video game. Japanese police are looking into other translations of copyrighted works the suspects are liable for, as they are part of an online group that has allegedly translated over 15,000 manga items without authorization.
新聞報道中具體提到，其中的兩名嫌疑人，一名為24歲的女研究生（譯者註：research student在日本指不以修學分為目的，在教授指導下從事研究的學生），另一名為25歲的女研究生。他們因為翻譯某系列漫畫和某電子遊戲中的人物對話而被捕。日本警方正在調查嫌疑人涉嫌對其他版權作品的翻譯，被捕人員是某線上組織的成員，據稱該組織在未經授權的情況下翻譯了超過15,000部漫畫作品。
Reports say the suspects face up to 10 years in prison, fines worth up to JPY 10m, or both, as well as the possibility of civil lawsuits and additional levies for damages and, of course, orders to delete files.
報道稱，嫌疑人將面臨最高10年的監禁、最高1000萬日元的罰款（約合人民幣57萬元），還可能面臨民事訴訟和額外賠償，當然還要刪除翻譯文檔。
According to news reports, a 2013 inquiry by Japan』s Agency for Cultural Affairs found that Japanese manga, anime, and games illegally distributed to online Chinese sites amount to losses of JPY 3.8t.
據新聞報道，日本文化事務署2013年的一項調查發現，在中國網站上非法傳播的日本漫畫、動漫和遊戲造成的損失共計3.8萬億日元（約合人民幣2176億元）。
In November 2015, five people were also arrested in Japan for uploading Japanese manga chapters of ongoing series to online translation groups. They were not directly involved in translation, but rather the pipeline that leads to unauthorized translation distribution.
2015年11月，另有5人曾因將正在連載的系列漫畫章節上傳到線上翻譯小組，而在日本被捕。他們並非直接參与翻譯，而是導致了這些未經授權的翻譯在網上傳播。
某漫畫漢化組的網站 （圖片來源：華夏經緯網 崔峻 攝）
據此，中國駐日本大使館做如下提醒：
近日，幾名在日中國公民因涉嫌違反「著作權法」被捕。中國駐日本大使館提醒在日中國公民，未獲得原作者或版權方授權擅自翻譯、發布、傳播作品，即使不以盈利為目的，也可能違反日本「著作權法」。此外，利用網路等途徑下載或上傳盜版電子書籍、音像製品、遊戲軟體、圖片資源等均屬非法，請廣大在日中國公民了解並遵守日本的相關法律，避免捲入法律糾紛。
那麼，在一般情況下，該如何繞開「版權」的雷區？對自己的翻譯版權，又該如何維護呢？
Translation is typically considered a derivative work.While this varies from country to country, translation is considered derivative because it exists in relation to an original work, in this case a work of literature such as a novel or poem.
譯作通常被視為一種演繹作品。各國對此看法不一，不過稱譯作為衍生品是因為其與原作有關，這裡討論的原作是指小說、詩歌等文學作品。
Even though it is derivative,translations are eligible for copyright as an original work. Since a translation, especially literary translation, involves considerable creative effort, labour and skill on the part of the translator, it can be registered as an original work.
即便是衍生品，譯作也和原作一樣享有版權，因為一份譯作（尤其是文學翻譯）需要譯員投入大量創造性工作、勞動和技能，可以視為一種原創作品。
However, it is crucial to have permission from the author, company, or individual that owns the copyright of the work you are translating.This usually comes in the form of a contract with a publisher, in which the duties of each party are laid out. This is also where a translator may sign away, or fight for, their right to copyright their translation and to royalties.
但是，如果你想翻譯一部作品，獲得作者、公司或版權持有人的許可是至關重要的，一般通過與出版商簽訂合同的方式來實現，明確各方責任。譯者簽字轉讓或爭取譯作版權與版稅也需要通過合同的方式進行。
If the work exists in the public domain then a translation automatically retains copyright as an original work. Generally, the copyright for a work of literature expires 70 years after the author dies.So, if you want to translate Virgil』s Aeneid from the original Latin into Japanese you can do so without worrying about infringing on copyright.
如果作品已不受版許可權制，譯作就會以原創作品的名義自動享有版權。一般而言，一部文學作品的版權期限為作者去世後70年（譯者註：歐盟成員國和美國規定的著作權保護期限為作者有生之年及其死後70年，我國為50年），這樣一來，假如你想將古羅馬詩人維吉爾的《埃涅伊德》從最初的拉丁文翻譯成日文，就不必擔心侵犯版權的問題。
So, what should you do about ensuring you keep your rights to copyright and royalties? We have a few suggestions below:
那麼，你應該如何確保擁有版權和版稅呢？下面我們給出了幾點建議：
First,don』t sign away your right to copyright or to being recognized for your translation.This would mean the publisher could exclude your name from the published editions of the book, as if it magically translated itself.
首先，在簽署協議時不要漏簽版權，或者一定要確保你的翻譯得到承認。否則，這就意味著出版商可以從出版的書籍中刪去你的名字，就像這本書神奇地自己進行了翻譯一樣。
Negotiate and push for your right to royalties.It is worth at least asking to receive a portion of the royalties. Typically, a translator can expect to get 1-3% of the royalties. If you don』t think this is much you』re right, but keep in mind that authors may get anywhere from 6-25% depending on the format of the book (hardback, paperback, e-book, etc.) with e-books typically bringing in the highest royalty rate for authors. You can use these facts as negotiating tools – if the author is getting a higher percentage on the e-book, why can』t you get a higher percentage as well? If the publisher or the author refuses, at least you have gained some practice in negotiating for the future.
協商並爭取獲得版稅的權利。至少你可以要求獲得一部分版稅。通常譯員可以獲得1-3%的版稅。如果你覺得這筆數目太小的話，那就對了，要知道作者可能會獲得6-25%的版稅，版稅多少由書的形式（如精裝、平裝、電子書等）決定，其中作者從電子書獲取的版稅率最高。你可以基於這些條件來進行協商——如果作者從這版電子書獲取的稅率較高，你何嘗不能同樣擁有更高的版稅呢？如果出版商或作者拒絕的話，至少你學到了一些談判的經驗，可能會在將來用到。
Make sure the royalties include worldwide publication.Let』s say you translate a book into English for a U.S. publisher and then that publisher sells the rights to the book in the UK, Australia, and New Zealand and those publishers decide to keep your translation. If your contract is limited to U.S. sales then you are missing out on earning potential in other English speaking countries.
確保版稅包含全球發行權。比如你為一家美國出版商英譯了一本書，然後這家出版商在英國、澳大利亞、紐西蘭出售了這本書的版權，而當地的一些出版商買下了你的譯本。如果你的合同規定只能在美國出售該譯本，那麼你就錯失了從其他英語國家賺取收入的機會。
Emphasize your commitment to the profession.Translating is not something you do for fun. While you may find translating to be fun and interesting work, you are also a professional and have a vested interest in gaining recognition and proper payment for your work. This might seem obvious, but you never know how the publisher or author is viewing you or your work.
重視你對翻譯行業的貢獻。翻譯不是玩玩而已。你可能會覺得翻譯是件很有趣的事，但你同時也是一名專業人員，你的工作有權獲得認可，並得到相應的報酬。這看起來可能是天經地義的，但你永遠不知道出版商或作者怎樣看待你或你的工作。
英文來源：Slator, Bookworm Translations
編譯：Yee君
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