美國綠色建築的鼻祖，這個時代最偉大的生態建築師

美國航天局可持續發展中心/NASA Sustainability Base. Image Courtesy of William McDonough + Partners

聚焦：威廉?麥唐納

Spotlight: William McDonough

由專築網芮萬里，李韌編譯

威廉?麥唐納（William McDonough）出生於1951年2月20日，為我們提供了新的視野去重新看待人類世界，他是建築師、設計師、作家、教育家、社會領袖，有時候也會被稱為是「我們這個時代最頂尖的生態建築師」。

通過他的「從搖籃到搖籃（Cradle to Cradle）」理論，麥唐納的設計作品都具有特殊的使用壽命，在建築拆除之後，各部分材料會被分解、並重歸大自然，最後重新被使用以解決其他設計問題。

Sometimes referred to as 「the leading environmental architect of our time,」 in his roles as architect, designer, author, educator and social leader, William McDonough (born 20 February 1951) has provided a renewed look at the things that we make and their impact on both our bodies and the world.

Through his Cradle to Cradle philosophy, McDonough』s buildings are designed to function for a predetermined lifespan, after which they can be broken down into their various parts whose core elements can be used anew to solve a different design problem.

Marta Chierego – World Economic Forum

麥唐納在達特茅斯學院和耶魯大學完成他的學業之後，於1981年在紐約開設了自己的建築事務所，該事務所現在名為威廉?麥唐納建築事務所（William McDonough + Partners）。

他職業生涯早期的項目包括愛爾蘭的太陽能小屋以及1985年受美國環保協會委託在紐約設計的第一棟「綠色辦公室」，他早年的這些建築實踐中，可持續性是他重點關注和研究的主題。

EDF簡報對空氣質量提出了嚴格的要求，促使麥唐納開始將其畢生精力投入到了對綠色健康材料的研究之中。

麥唐納的設計開啟了美國綠色建築之路，並且促成了美國綠色建築委員會（US Green Building Council）的成立。

Upon finishing his architectural education at Dartmouth and Yale, McDonough opened his own firm, now called William McDonough + Partners, in 1981 in New York City.

Sustainability became a theme early in his career, with projects including the design of a solar house in Ireland, and in 1985, the commission for the first 「green office」 in New York for the Environmental Defense Fund.

The EDF brief called for strict air quality requirements, prompting McDonough to begin his lifelong investigation into healthy materials.

McDonough』s design set in motion the trend of green building in the United States and lead to the formation of the US Green Building Council.

American University School of International Service. Image Prakash Patel/William McDonough + Partners

唐納德在接下來的10年中先後設計了Herman Miller的「綠房」工廠辦公室（1995年）、Gap公司的企業園（1997年）、耐克公司歐洲總部（1999年）、奧伯林學院（Oberlin College）的Adam Joseph Lewis環境研究中心（Adam Joseph Lewis Center for Environmental Studies ，2001年）；同時唐納德也於1992年發表了第一篇關於可持續設計方面的論文「The Hannover Principles: Design for Sustainability」。這段時間的實踐和研究讓他看見了可持續設計更加長遠和多樣的未來。

在1994年，麥唐納在被任命為弗吉尼亞大學建築學院院長之後，他的設計任務中心逐漸轉到了夏洛茨維爾（Charlottesville）。

The subsequent decade saw further variations on sustainable design, with projects ranging from Herman Miller』s 「Greenhouse」 Factory and Offices (1995); the Corporate Campus for Gap, Inc. (1997); Nike』s European Headquarters (1999); and the Adam Joseph Lewis Center for Environmental Studies at Oberlin College (2001) as well as McDonough』s first treatise on sustainable design, The Hannover Principles: Design for Sustainability in 1992.

In 1994, McDonough moved his practice to Charlottesville, Virginia after being named Dean of the School of Architecture at the University of Virginia.

2002年，麥唐納聯合出版了《從搖籃到搖籃：重塑我們造物之道》。

該書力圖要顛覆「節約，再利用，可循環」這三個傳統的理念，並在建築全壽命周期中結合運用可循環利用的建築材料。

為了使建築具有可回歸性，這些材料都具有「技術成分」和「生物成分」的特點。

「技術成分」包括材料應該能夠在封閉循環的工業體系中重新被使用，而「生物成分」則包括材料能夠被分解並重新返回大自然。

「從搖籃到搖籃」的理念在整個設計圈被迅速傳播，並且從此啟發了非盈利性的「從搖籃到搖籃」產品革新研究所，該研究所會對可持續性設計、循環經濟設計的實踐作品進行授權和獎勵。

In 2002, McDonough co-authored Cradle to Cradle: Remaking the Way We Make Things.

The manifesto proposed to upend the traditional adage of 「reduce, reuse, recycle,」 calling instead for materials to be 「upcycled」 at the end of their initial useful life span.

To design products able to be upcycled, materials should be composed of what McDonough refers to as 「technical」 and 「biological nutrients.」

Technical nutrients consist of materials that can be reused in a closed-loop industrial system, while biological nutrients refer to materials that can break down to reenter the environment.

Cradle to Cradle was quickly disseminated throughout design circles, and has since inspired the non-profit Cradle to Cradle Products Innovation Institute, which empowers and rewards innovation in the practice of sustainable, circular-economy design.

分析圖，美國航天局可持續發展中心/Diagram, NASA Sustainability Base. Image Courtesy of William McDonough + Partners

在此次研究的突破之後，麥唐納繼續將研究重點放在環境友好型以及有社會意識的設計上，並且幫助布拉德皮特的Make It Right基金會制定具有環境使命的規範標準，並為卡特里娜颶風受害者的家園重建項目提供幫助。

麥唐納（McDonough）也親自為新奧爾良第九災區設計了具有可持續性的複式住宅，該住宅被稱作是「流動的花朵。」

麥唐納近幾年的實踐項目包括ICE住宅（2016年），這是一座可移動的「木框架」，並且使用了循環利用的材料來為使用者創造庇護所；Method Manufacturing Facility（2014年），這是一座在芝加哥被污染的場地上建造的可持續性工廠；同時還有美國航天局可持續發展中心（2011年），這是一座為太空項目創造的「生活實驗室」，它的綠色可持續性甚至達到了LEED白金認證的標準。

麥唐納同時也是斯坦福特大學第一個「活體檔案」項目記錄的對象，他們幾乎將建築師每時每刻都記錄下來，讓人們了解這些改變了世界的工作與生活方式。

Since that breakthrough, McDonough has continued to focus on environmentally and socially-conscious design, helping to establish criteria for the environmental mission of Brad Pitt"s Make It Right Foundation in their bid to provide architect-designed homes for victims of Hurricane Katrina.

McDonough himself contributed designs for a sustainable duplex in New Orleans』 Ninth Ward known as the 「flow house.」

Recent projects of McDonough』s have included ICEhouse (2016), a transportable 「wonderframe」 that uses any available materials to create shelter; Method Manufacturing Facility (2014), a new factory for sustainable products on a Chicago brownfield site; and the NASA Sustainability Base (2011), a 「living laboratory」 for the space program that outperforms LEED platinum standards.

McDonough is also the subject of Stanford University"s first "living archive," where nearly all of the architect』s daily moments are recorded in an effort to change the way we as humans remember and record our daily lives.

American University School of International Service. Image Prakash Patel/William McDonough + Partners

通過他自身的成功，麥唐納已經改變了建築師與自然環境對話的關係，他始終堅信只有建築師抱著共生的態度以及可持續的理念才能夠和自然環境維持和諧的關係：「我所嘗試的一切都是希望促進人與自然之間的相互作用。」

Through his successes, McDonough has changed the discourse on architecture』s relationship to the environment, a relationship he believes is only sustainable through a symbiotic attitude: 「What I』m trying to look at is how do we make humans supportive of the natural world, the way the natural world is supportive of us.」

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