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血液維生素D水平與乳腺癌風險

編者按:維生素D3(膽鈣化醇)由7-脫氫膽固醇經太陽光紫外線照射後生成,本身無活性,需要先由肝臟羥化代謝成25-羥維生素D3,再由腎臟轉變為1α,25-二羥維生素D3和24,25-二羥維生素D3,最後與靶器官核受體結合,發揮生物效應,影響鈣、磷的吸收和貯存。既往動物研究發現,維生素D3及其代謝產物可以抑制結腸癌、乳腺癌、前列腺癌等細胞的生長。既往流行病學調查發現,血漿25-羥維生素D水平低,結直腸癌、肺癌、乳腺癌的風險似乎增加。

2018年3月7日,英國醫學會《英國醫學雜誌》發表日本國家癌症研究院、滋賀醫科大學、富士レビオ株式會社的大型隊列前瞻研究報告,對癌症診斷前血液循環維生素D濃度與隨後全身和特定部位癌症風險之間的相關性進行了評估。

該研究為日本公共衛生中心前瞻研究隊列的嵌套病例隊列研究,始於1990年5個公共衛生中心40~59歲居民6萬1595例,1993年另增6個公共衛生中心40~69歲居民7萬8825例。隨後,從其中9個公共衛生中心確定癌症患者3301例,並隨機選擇對照者4044例。通過酶免疫法測定25-羥維生素D的血漿濃度。根據25-羥維生素D的性別和季節特定分布,將研究對象分為四組(最低、較低、較高、最高)。通過加權多因素比例風險模型,對多因素(例如年齡、性別、體重指數、吸煙、飲酒、運動、糖尿病史、癌症家族史、生育史、月經史、激素補充療法)進行校正,與25-羥維生素D濃度最低組相比,計算全身和特定部位癌症的風險比。主要結局衡量指標為全身或特定部位的癌症發生率。

結果發現,血漿25-羥維生素D濃度與全身癌症風險呈顯著負相關(趨勢P=0.001),與最低組840例相比:

較低組792例:風險減少19%(校正風險比:0.81,95%:0.70~0.94)

較高組795例:風險減少25%(校正風險比:0.75,95%:0.65~0.87)

最高組874例:風險減少22%(校正風險比:0.78,95%:0.67~0.91)

其中,血漿25-羥維生素D濃度與乳腺癌風險呈不顯著負相關(趨勢P=0.12),與最低組63例相比:

較低組55例:風險減少2%(校正風險比:0.98,95%:0.66~1.47)

較高組43例:風險減少5%(校正風險比:0.69,95%:0.45~1.05)

最高組51例:風險減少12%(校正風險比:0.78,95%:0.51~1.21)

不過,血漿25-羥維生素D濃度與絕經前乳腺癌風險呈顯著負相關(趨勢P=0.03)。

此外,血漿25-羥維生素D濃度與肝癌風險呈顯著負相關(趨勢P=0.006),與最低組47例相比:

較低組43例:風險減少30%(校正風險比:0.70,0.44~1.13)

較高組41例:風險減少35%(校正風險比:0.65,0.40~1.06)

最高組34例:風險減少55%(校正風險比:0.45,0.26~0.79)

根據敏感性分析,從全身癌症病例交替移除特定部位癌症病例,總風險比並無顯著變化。

因此,該大型前瞻研究結果表明,較高的維生素D濃度,與較低的全身癌症風險相關,這些結果支持維生素D對於許多部位癌症具有預防作用的推測。其實不難,出去走走、晒晒太陽就行,比保健品管用。該研究在《英國醫學雜誌》網站首頁的配圖就是:

補充閱讀

BMJ. 2018 Mar 7;360:k671.

Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration and subsequent risk of total and site specific cancers in Japanese population: large case-cohort study within Japan Public Health Center-based Prospective Study cohort.

Sanjeev Budhathoki, Akihisa Hidaka, Taiki Yamaji, Norie Sawada, Sachiko Tanaka-Mizuno, Aya Kuchiba, Hadrien Charvat, Atsushi Goto, Satoshi Kojima, Natsuki Sudo, Taichi Shimazu, Shizuka Sasazuki, Manami Inoue, Shoichiro Tsugane, Motoki Iwasaki; Japan Public Health Center-based Prospective Study Group.

National Cancer Center, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan; Shiga University of Medical Science, Ohtsu, Shiga, Japan; Fujirebio Inc., Hachioji-shi, Tokyo, Japan.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between pre-diagnostic circulating vitamin D concentration and the subsequent risk of overall and site specific cancer in a large cohort study.

DESIGN: Nested case-cohort study within the Japan Public Health Center-based Prospective Study cohort.

SETTING: Nine public health centre areas across Japan.

PARTICIPANTS: 3301 incident cases of cancer and 4044 randomly selected subcohort participants.

EXPOSURE: Plasma concentration of 25-hydroxyvitamin D measured by enzyme immunoassay. Participants were divided into quarters based on the sex and season specific distribution of 25-hydroxyvitamin D among subcohorts. Weighted Cox proportional hazard models were used to calculate the multivariable adjusted hazard ratios for overall and site specific cancer across categories of 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration, with the lowest quarter as the reference.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Incidence of overall or site specific cancer.

RESULTS: Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration was inversely associated with the risk of total cancer, with multivariable adjusted hazard ratios for the second to fourth quarters compared with the lowest quarter of 0.81 (95% confidence interval 0.70 to 0.94), 0.75 (0.65 to 0.87), and 0.78 (0.67 to 0.91), respectively (P for trend=0.001). Among the findings for cancers at specific sites, an inverse association was found for liver cancer, with corresponding hazard ratios of 0.70 (0.44 to 1.13), 0.65 (0.40 to 1.06), and 0.45 (0.26 to 0.79) (P for trend=0.006). A sensitivity analysis showed that alternately removing cases of cancer at one specific site from total cancer cases did not substantially change the overall hazard ratios.

CONCLUSIONS: In this large prospective study, higher vitamin D concentration was associated with lower risk of total cancer. These findings support the hypothesis that vitamin D has protective effects against cancers at many sites.

DOI: 10.1136/bmj.k671

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