澳大利亞牧羊犬了解一下？
原標題：澳大利亞牧羊犬了解一下？
註：該標準中文版翻譯自FCI國際純種犬標準英文版，已發佈於CKU官網-犬種百科
05.06.2009 / EN
FCI-國際純種犬標準第 342 號
AUSTRALIAN SHEPHERD
澳大利亞牧羊犬
本圖片來自AKC官網
並不一定代表該犬種的理想例子
ORIGIN: U.S.A.
起源：美國
Date of acceptance on a definitive basis by the FCI: 21.05.2007.
FCI正式認可日期：2007年5月21日
DATE OF PUBLICATION OF THE OFFICIAL VALID STANDARD:26.03.2009.
正式生效標準發布日期：2009年3月26日
UTILIZATION: Farm and ranch shepherd dog.
用途：農場和牧場用牧羊犬
FCI-CLASSIFICATION:
Group 1 Sheepdogs and Cattle dogs (except Swiss Cattle dogs)
Section 1 Sheepdogs
Without working trial.
FCI分組：
第1組：牧羊犬和牧牛犬（除瑞士牧牛犬）
第1類：牧羊犬
無需工作犬測試
BRIEF HISTORICAL SUMMARY:
While there are many theories as to the origin of the Australian Shepherd, the breed as we know it today developed exclusively in the United States. The Australian Shepherd was given its name because of the association with Basque Sheepherders who came to the United States from Australia in the 1800』s.
The Australian Shepherd』s popularity rose steadily with the boom of western horseback riding after World War II, which became known to the general public via rodeos, horse shows, movies, and television shows. Their inherent versatile and trainable personality made them assets to American farms and ranches. The American stockman continued the development of the breed, maintaining its versatility, keen intelligence, strong herding instincts, and eye-catching appearance that originally won their admiration.
Although each individual is unique in colour and markings, all Australian Shepherds show an unsurpassed devotion to their families. Their many attributes have guaranteed the Australian Shepherd』s continued popularity.
歷史沿革：
關於澳大利亞牧羊犬起源的說法不一，現如今我們所知的該犬種是從美國發展起來的。之所以被稱作澳大利亞牧羊犬，是因為它與19世紀從澳大利亞來到美國的巴斯克牧羊人相關。
二戰後，隨著西部騎馬的盛行，澳大利亞牧羊犬也隨之興起，該犬種經由牛仔競技表演，馬展，電影和電視節目逐漸被大眾所知。澳大利亞牧羊犬與生俱來的多用途性和易訓練的特質，使它成為農場和牧場極具價值的資產。美國的畜牧業者不斷地發展此犬種，並保持其多用途性、聰慧的秉性、強大的牧羊本能和最初為他贏得讚美的引人注目的外形。
雖然每隻澳牧無論在顏色還是斑紋上都獨一無二，但所有的澳牧都展示出了他們對家庭的無比卓越的忠誠和奉獻。他們身上的很多特質都令該犬種一直非常受歡迎。
GENERAL APPEARANCE:
The Australian Shepherd is well balanced, slightly longer than tall, of medium size and bone, with colouring that offers variety and individuality.
He is attentive and animated, lithe and agile, solid and muscular without cloddiness. He has a coat of moderate length and coarseness. He has a docked or natural tail.
整體外貌：
澳大利亞牧羊犬體形勻稱，體長比身高略長，體形和骨骼中等，毛色富於多樣性和個性。
該犬種專心而活潑，柔軟而敏捷，結實強健但不笨拙。被毛長度適中且粗糙。斷尾或自然尾。
IMPORTANT PROPORTIONS:
Measuring from the breastbone to rear of thigh and from top of the withers to the ground the Australian Shepherd is slightly longer than tall.
Solidly built with moderate bone. Structure in the male reflects masculinity without coarseness. Bitches appear feminine without being slight of bone.
重要比例：
從胸骨至大腿後部的長度比從肩隆頂端至地面的長度略長。澳牧體長比身高略長。身體結實，骨量適中。公犬身體結構反映出公犬特徵，但不粗獷。母犬具有母犬特徵，但骨量並無減少。
BEHAVIOUR/TEMPERAMENT:
The Australian Shepherd is an intelligent working dog of strong herding and guarding instincts. He is a loyal companion and has the stamina to work all day. With an even disposition, he is good natured, seldom quarrelsome. He may be somewhat reserved in initial meetings.
行為/秉性：
澳大利亞牧羊犬是一種聰明的工作犬種，擁有強大的牧羊本領和看守能力。他是忠誠的夥伴，精力充沛，可以工作一整天。性情平和，溫厚，幾乎不爭鬥。初次見面時該犬種可能態度冷淡。
HEAD: 頭部
CRANIAL REGION: 顱部區域
HEAD：The head is clean cut, strong and dry. Overall size should be in proportion to the body.
頭部：輪廓清晰，有力且乾燥。整體大小與身體成比例。
Skull: Top flat to slightly domed. It may show a slight occipital protuberance. Length and width are equal.
頭骨：頭頂扁平，略呈球形。枕骨略隆起。長寬相等。
Stop: Moderate, well-defined.
額段：適中，明顯。
FACIAL REGION: 面部區域
Nose: Blue merles and blacks have black pigmentation on the nose (and lips). Red merles and reds have liver (brown) pigmentation on the nose (and lips). On the merles it is permissible to have small pink spots; however, they should not exceed 25 % of the nose on dogs over one year of age, which is a serious fault.
鼻：藍隕石色和黑色的犬只，鼻為黑色（嘴唇也是）。紅隕石色和紅色的犬只鼻為深赤褐色（棕色）（嘴唇也是）。對於隕石色的犬只，允許鼻部有粉色小點，但是一歲以上的犬只，粉色小點面積不能超過鼻部面積的25%，否則視為嚴重缺陷。
Muzzle: Equal in length or slightly shorter than the back skull. Viewed from the side the topline of the back skull and muzzle form parallel planes, divided by a moderate, well-defined stop. The muzzle tapers little from base to nose and is rounded at the tip.
口吻：與後頭骨等長或比後頭骨略短。從側面看，後頭骨和口吻上方的輪廓線相平行，被適中且明顯的額段分開。口吻從基部至鼻略微變細，尖部呈圓形。
Jaws/Teeth: A full complement of strong white teeth should meet in a scissors bite or may meet in a pincer bite.
頜/牙齒：完整而堅固的潔白牙齒，剪狀咬合或鉗狀咬合。
Eyes: Brown, blue, amber or any variation or combination thereof, including flecks and marbling. Almond shaped, not protruding nor sunken. The blue merles and blacks have black pigmentation on eye rims. The red merles and reds have liver (brown) pigmentation on eye rims. Expression: Showing attentiveness and intelligence, alert and eager. Gaze should be keen but friendly.
眼睛：棕色、藍色、琥珀色或任何上述顏色的變色或混合色，包括斑點和大理石花紋的顏色。杏仁狀，不凸出也不凹陷。藍隕石色和黑色犬只的眼眶為黑色。紅隕石色和紅色犬只的眼眶為深赤褐色（棕色）。表情：專註且聰明，警覺而熱切。注視時熱切而友好。
Ears: Triangular, of moderate size and leather, set high on the head. At full attention they break forward and over, or to the side as a rose ear.
耳朵：三角形，中等大小，下垂適中，位於頭部較高位置。機警狀態時耳部前折往複，或傾向頭的側面，如玫瑰花耳。
NECK: Strong, of moderate length, slightly arched at the crest, fitting well into the shoulders.
頸部：有力，中等長度，頂部略拱起，與肩部自然結合。
BODY: 軀幹
Topline：Back straight and strong, level and firm from withers to hip joints.
背線：從肩隆至髖關節，直且強壯，水平且穩固。
Croup: Moderately sloping.
臀：適當傾斜。
Chest: Not broad, but deep with the lowest point reaching the elbow.
胸：不寬，但深，最低點可達肘部。
Ribs: Well sprung and long, neither barrel chested nor slab-sided.
肋骨：長且彎曲適當，既不是桶裝胸，側面也不扁平。
Underline and belly: Shows a moderate tuck-up.
腹線及腹部：適度向上折起。
TAIL: Straight, naturally long or naturally short. When docked (in countries where this practice is not forbidden), or naturally short, not to exceed 10 cm.
尾：直，天生長或短。若斷尾（適用於不禁止斷尾的國家）或天生短尾，都不應超過10厘米。
LIMBS: 四肢
FOREQUARTERS: 前軀
Shoulder : Shoulder-blades long, flat, fairly close set at the withers and well laid back. The upper arm, which should be relatively the same length as the shoulder-blade, attaches at an approximate right angle to the shoulder line with forelegs dropping straight, perpendicular to the ground.
肩：肩胛長，平，與肩隆緊密相連，後置良好。上肢與肩胛長度基本一樣，與肩線幾乎呈直角相連，前肢自然下垂，與地面垂直。
Legs : Straight and strong. Bone strong, oval rather than round.
四肢：直且強壯。骨骼強壯，橢圓形而非圓形。
Metacarpus (Pastern): Medium length and very slightly sloping. Front dewclaws may be removed.
掌骨（前腿系部）：中等長度，略微傾斜。前狼爪可剔除。
Forefeet: Oval, compact, with close-knit, well-arched toes. Pads thick and resilient.
前足：橢圓形，緊湊，腳趾緊密且自然拱起。腳墊厚且富有彈性。
LIMBS: 四肢
HINDQUARTERS: 後軀
General appearance:
The width of the hindquarters is equal to the width of the forequarters at the shoulders.
The angulation of the pelvis and upper thigh corresponds to the angulation of the shoulder-blade and upper arm, forming an approximate right angle
整體外觀：後肢的寬度等同於前肢肩部寬度。骨盆和大腿的角度與肩胛骨和上肢的角度相符，接近直角。
Stifle (Knee): Clearly defined.
膝關節：明顯。
Hock joints: Moderately bent.
跗關節：適度彎曲。
Hocks：Short, perpendicular to the ground and parallel to each other when viewed from the rear. No rear dewclaws.
跖骨：短，與地面成直角，從後面看，兩個相互平行。後肢沒有狼爪。
Hind feet: Oval, compact with close-knit, well-arched toes. Pads thick and resilient.
後足：橢圓形，緊湊，腳趾緊密且拱起。腳墊厚且富有彈性。
GAIT/MOVEMENT:
The Australian Shepherd has a smooth, free and easy gait. He exhibits great agility of movement with a well-balanced, ground covering stride. Fore-and hind legs move straight and parallel with the centre line of the body. As speed increases, the feet (front and rear) converge toward the centre line of gravity of the dog while the back remains firm and level. The Australian Shepherd must be agile and able to change direction or alter gait instantly.
步態/動態：
澳大利亞牧羊犬步態流暢、自如且輕快。動態時非常敏捷，平衡感強，跨越能力強。前後腿行進時保持豎直，並與身體中線平行。隨著速度的加快，四腳（前後腳）聚攏於身體重力中心線上，背部保持穩固和水平。澳大利亞牧羊犬須敏捷，能迅速改變方向或改變步態。
COAT: 被毛
Hair:Of medium texture, straight to wavy, weather resistant and of medium length. The undercoat varies in quantity with variations in climate. Hair is short and smooth on the head, ears, front of forelegs and below the hocks. Backs of forelegs and breeches are moderately feathered. There is a moderate mane and frill, more pronounced in dogs than in bitches.
毛質：毛質中等，被毛直或呈波浪形，可抵禦天氣影響，中等長度。底毛在數量上隨氣候變化而變化。頭、耳、前腿前部和系部以下部分的毛髮短。鬃毛和飾毛適度，公犬比母犬的更為明顯。
Colour:
Blue merle, black, red merle, red – all with or without white markings and/or tan markings, with no order of preference. The hairline of a white collar does not exceed the point of the withers at the skin.
White is acceptable on the neck (either in part or as a full collar), chest, legs, muzzle underparts, blaze on head and white extension from underpart up to four inches (10 cm), measuring from a horizontal line at the elbow.
White on the head should not predominate, and the eyes must be fully surrounded by colour and pigment. Merles characteristically
become darker with increasing age.
毛色:
藍隕石色，黑色，紅隕石色，紅色——全部帶或不帶白色斑紋和/或棕色斑紋，沒有偏愛順序。白色圍脖的髮際線不得超過皮膚上的肩隆點。
頸部（部分或全部），胸部、腿部、口吻的下半部為白色是可以接受的，頭上可有白斑。身體下半部白色的範圍應在肘部水平線以上的4英寸（10厘米）內。
頭部的白色不應為主色，眼睛周圍必須有色素沉澱。隕石色會隨年齡增長顏色加深。
SIZE: 尺寸
Height at the withers: The preferred height for males is 20-23 inches (51-58 cm), females 18-21 inches (46-53 cm). Quality is not to be sacrificed in favour of size.
肩高：公犬的理想高度是20-23英寸（51-58厘米），母犬為18-21英寸（46-53厘米）。大小對其品質影響不大。
FAULTS: 缺陷
FAULTS: Any departure from the foregoing points should be considered a fault and the seriousness with which the fault should be regarded should be in exact proportion to its degree and its effect upon the health and welfare of the dog.
缺陷：任何與上述各點的背離均視為缺陷，其缺陷嚴重性嚴格地與其缺陷的程度及其對犬的健康和福利的影響成比例。
SEVERE FAULTS:嚴重缺陷
- Prick ears and hanging ears.
- Non-typical coats.
- 立耳和垂耳。
- 非典型被毛。
DISQUALIFYING FAULTS: 失格缺陷
- Aggressive or overly shy
- Any dog clearly showing physical of behavioural abnormalities shall be disqualified.
- Undershot. Overshot by more than 1/8 inch. Loss of contact caused by short center incisors in an otherwise correct bite shall not be judged undershot. Teeth broken or missing by accident shall not be penalized.
- White body splashes in all colours, which means white on body between withers and tail, on sides between elbows and back of hindquarters.
- 有攻擊性或過度羞怯
- 任何在身體和行為上明顯失常的犬應視為失格。
- 下顎突出。上顎突出大於1/8英寸。如因中心門齒過短，導致犬齒無法閉合產生的非正確咬合，不應算作下顎突出，牙齒因事故壞掉或缺失不應罰分。
- 白色部分呈飛濺狀摻雜至各種顏色中，是指白色部分擴大到身體肩隆至尾部處，肘部至後肢背面的側面。
N.B.：
- Male animals should have two apparently normal testicles fullydescended into the scrotum.
- Only functionally and clinically healthy dogs, with breed typicalconformation, should be used for breeding.
注：
- 公犬具備兩個明顯正常且完全置於陰囊的睾丸
- 只有身體機能以及臨床表現健康的，具備典型犬種結構的犬只，才可用於繁殖。
最新修訂內容以黑體標註。
▲ 犬只各部位名稱（FCI標準通用）
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