教育：解構種族敘事的關鍵
Education is key to deconstruct racial narratives
教育：解構種族敘事的關鍵
? UNESCO / Olivier Marie
The role of education at all social levels and in particular of young generations, remains one of the best ways to stop the proliferation of racist and discriminatory discourses and to foster intercultural exchanges. This is the message of experts who gathered on 21 March at UNESCO in Paris for a Round table on Deconstructing racial narratives: challenging assumptions and fostering diversity, organized in the context of the International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination.
在所有社會層面，尤其是對年輕一代，教育仍然是阻止種族主義和歧視性話語擴散並推動文化間交流的最佳途徑之一。3月21日教科文組織在巴黎召集關於解構種族敘事的圓桌會議，與會專家們亦傳達了同樣的訊息。此次會議是在國際消除種族歧視日的背景下召開，主題為「挑戰假設和促進多樣性」。
The event started with a presentation by Evelyne Heyer, Professor of the National Museum of Natural History of France, who explained the scientific evidence against the notion of race, which has resulted in practices ranging from discrimination to extermination of 「the other」 throughout history.
法國國家自然歷史博物館Evelyne Heyer教授的介紹為活動拉開序幕。他解釋了反對種族觀念的科學證據，對種族的錯誤理解導致歷史上從歧視到滅絕「他者」的行為。
「Races do not exist in the sense we thought in the 19th century, but even if the word 『race』 is removed, racism will continue to exist. The term 『race』 has a history, so we need to use this concept, if only to deconstruct it,」 said Heyer.
Heyer說：「19世紀時，我們還沒有種族概念。但如今，即便刪除『種族』 一詞，種族主義也會繼續存在。『種族』一詞有其歷史包袱，所以我們需要繼續使用這個概念，但前提是將其解構。」
According to the professor, the DNA of all human beings is 99.9% identical, and we all are of African origin, dating back 100,000 years. With only 0.1% of differences in the genomes of people from across the world, the notion of race is not justifiable, she says.
Heyer教授說，所有人類的DNA 有99.9％是相同的。如果追溯到10萬年前，我們都來自非洲。因為世界各地人們的基因組差異只有0.1％，所以種族觀念是不合理的。
「Racism is not just about skin color, but about discrimination against individuals who are physically, culturally or morally different,」 Heyer explained, adding that our genetic diversity is the result of adaptations to environments and our geographical origins.
「種族主義不僅僅是膚色差異的態度，還包括對身體、文化或道德上不同的個體的歧視。」Heyer解釋說，「我們的遺傳多樣性是適應環境和地理起源的結果。」
Three key components are at the basis of the definition of racism: categorization, hierarchization and essentialization. Categorization is a mental operation that simplifies the world. People classify individuals based on their appearance, their religion, their geographical origin, etc. Hierarchization involves a value judgment based on regarding one group or category of individuals as being superior or inferior to another. Essentialization is a process by which individuals are reduced to moral characteristics, intellectual faculties or psychological traits alleged to be an immutable and inherited feature of that particular group.
種族主義含義的基礎包括3個關鍵組成部分：分類、分級和本質化。分類是一種簡化世界的心理操作，人們根據外貌、宗教信仰、地理來源等對個人進行分類。分級則涉及基於某個群體或某類個體優於或劣於另一群體的價值判斷。本質化是一個將個體簡化為道德、智力或心理特徵的過程，這些特徵被視為該特定群體不可改變的繼承性特徵。
Victoria Tauli-Corpuz, UN Special Rapporteur on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, described racism from the perspective of indigenous communities and movements.
聯合國土著人民權利特別報告員Victoria Tauli-Corpuz從土著社區和土著人民權利運動角度描述了種族主義。
「Indigenous peoples have experienced racism and discrimination since colonization. Racism was used deliberately to make them feel inferior and to take the resources from their lands. The strategy was to make them forget who they are,」 she said. 「The good news is that indigenous peoples are waking up, asserting their identities, and using the legal framework to protect their lands and fight against discrimination.」
「土著人民自殖民時代以來經歷了種族主義和歧視。種族主義被故意用來使他們感到自卑，並從他們的土地上獲取資源。種族主義的策略是讓他們忘記自己的身份。」她說，「好消息是土著人民正在覺醒，他們開始維護自己的身份，並利用法律來保護其土地和反對歧視。」
For Rita Izsák-Ndiaye, expert member of the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, the fight against racial discrimination starts at home, in our own families: 「I am a white Roman Christian and my husband is a Black Muslim. When I look at my family, I see that, because of love and being bound by the same values, we can deal with intercultural and interreligious tensions.」
對消除種族歧視委員會專家Rita Izsák-Ndiaye來說，反對種族歧視的鬥爭應始於家庭，始於我們自己的家庭。她說：「我是白人羅馬基督徒，我的丈夫是黑人穆斯林。當我看著我的家人時，我看到，由於愛和受到同樣價值觀的約束，我們可以處理好文化和宗教間的緊張關係。」
Noting the spread of hateful messages and the reinforcement of stereotypes through social media, Izsák-Ndiaye says it is necessary to stimulate constructive debates. 「We cannot remain quiet in the face of hatred. We need a critical mass of anti-racist people active on social media fighting against the wrong discourses,」 she commented. 「Everyone owns society. Education, arts, music, literature and science need to include everyone.」
注意到仇恨信息在社交媒體的傳播，以及其對成見的強化，Izsák-Ndiaye表示有必要激發建設性辯論。 「面對仇恨，我們不能保持沉默。我們需要一批活躍於社交媒體的反種族主義者來對抗種族歧視言論。每個人都是社會的一員。教育、藝術、音樂、文學和科學需要接納每個人。」
At the end of the panel, the discussants agreed that the only way to fight racism is through education and action. 「At the early stages of education, children need to be taught that they should look at others as equal to them. Promoting intercultural exchanges is crucial for the education system to build more harmonious societies,」 said Tauli-Corpuz.
討論終了，與會者一致認為，打擊種族主義的唯一方法是通過教育和行動。 Tauli-Corpuz說：「在早期教育階段，我們需要教育兒童平等地看待他人。促進跨文化交流對於教育系統參與建設更加和諧的社會至關重要。」
The event was followed by the inauguration of the abridged version of the travelling exhibition 「Us and Them – From Prejudice to Racism」 with welcoming remarks from André Delpuech, Director of the Musée de l』Homme. It offers a journey that deciphers the reasons for racist and discriminatory behavior during certain moments of history and sheds light on racist behavior and prejudices. Conceived by the National Museum of Natural History of France, and shown at the Musée de l』Homme from March 2017 to January 2018 under the patronage of UNESCO, the exhibition will travel to different member cities of UNESCO』s International Coalition of Inclusive and Sustainable Cities – ICCAR.
「我們和他們——從偏見到種族主義」巡迴展簡版開幕式緊接討論會展開，人類博物館館長André Delpuech在開幕式上致辭。他在致辭中解讀了某些歷史時期種族主義和歧視行為的原因，並揭示了種族主義的行為和偏見。該展覽由法國國家自然歷史博物館設計，並於2017年3月至2018年1月以聯合國教科文組織的名義在人類博物館展出，之後還將前往教科文組織的包容性和可持續城市國際聯盟（ICCAR）的不同成員城市巡展。
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