伯恩山犬FCI國際純種犬標準

註：該標準中文版翻譯自FCI國際純種犬標準英文版，已發佈於CKU官網-犬種百科

05.05.2003 / EN

FCI-國際純種犬標準第 45 號

BERNESE MOUNTAIN DOG

伯恩山犬

本圖片不一定代表該犬種的理想例子

ORIGIN:Switzerland.

起源：瑞士

Date of acceptance on a definitive basis by the FCI: 7/26/1954

FCI正式認可日期：1954年7月26日

DATE OF PUBLICATION OF THE OFFICIAL VALID STANDARD:25.03.2003.

正式生效標準發布日期：2003年3月25日

UTILIZATION:Originally used as a guard-, draught-and cattle dog on farms in the Canton Bern, today also family dog and versatile working dog.

用途：開始在伯爾尼縣農場用於警衛或者拉農具以及牧牛，今天是家庭犬和多功能工作犬。

FCI-CLASSIFICATION:

Group 2 Pinscher and Schnauzer type-Molossoid breeds- Swiss Mountain and Cattle-Dogs.

Section 3 Swiss Cattle Dogs.

Without working trial.

FCI分組：

第二組：賓莎犬和雪納瑞類-獒犬，瑞士山地犬和瑞士牧牛犬組

第三類：瑞士牧牛犬

無需工作測試

BRIEF HISTORICAL SUMMARY:

The Bernese Mountain Dog is a farm dog of ancestral origin which was used as a guard and draught dog and for driving cattle in the prealpine regions and in the midland areas around Bern. Originally he was named 「Dürrb?chler」 according to the name of the hamlet and of the inn of Dürrbach, near Riggisberg in the Canton Bern where these long-haired tricoloured farm dogs were especially numerous. In 1902, 1904 and 1907 specimen of this breed had already been exhibited at dog shows, and in 1907 some breeders of the region of Burgdorf decided to promote the pure breeding of these dogs by founding the 「Schweizerischer Dürrbach-Klub」, and fixing the characteristic traits of the breed. In 1910, at a show in Burgdorf where many farmers of that region brought their Dürrb?chler dogs to, already 107 specimen were shown.

From that day onward this dog, renamed 「Bernese Mountain Dog」 following the example of the other breeds of Swiss Mountain Dogs, became rapidly appreciated all over Switzerland and in the

neighbouring parts of Germany. Today the Bernese Mountain Dog is well known and appreciated all over the world as a family dog thanks to its striking tricoloured coat and its great adaptability.

歷史沿革：

有貴族氣質和古老血統的伯恩山犬，在瑞士中部的牧場已有很長時間了。伯恩山犬是瑞士四種山地犬之一，因它的原產地是伯爾尼而得名。伯恩山犬和其它幾種瑞士山地犬一樣出名，但卻是四種犬中惟一有著長而絲狀被毛的犬。2000年前，入侵的羅馬軍隊將這幾種犬的祖先帶到了瑞士。但直到第一次世界大戰的前幾年，他們幾乎被所有伯爾尼居民遺忘。在Duerrbach地區，仍能找到伯恩山犬，但因為雜交，已經不能辨認出純種犬。1982年，一位瑞士人，Franz Schertenleib，試圖找到較好的伯恩山犬作為種犬，他的研究進行了很長時間，最終獲得成功。阿伯特?黑恩（Albert Heim）教授，一位偉大的地質學家，同時又是一位研究和鑒定犬的專家，在他的努力下，恢復了伯恩山犬的地位。1907年，成立了伯恩山犬俱樂部，許多瑞士人發現他們很喜歡伯恩山犬，他們將伯恩山犬作為寵物飼養。

GENERAL APPEARANCE:

Longhaired, tricoloured, strong and agile working dog, of above medium size, with sturdily built limbs; harmonious and well balanced.

整體外貌：

長毛、三色、強壯且敏捷的大型工作犬，有結實的四肢，整體和諧而平衡。適合在山區拉車和驅趕牲畜。

IMPORTANT PROPORTIONS:

Height at withers : length of body (measured from the point of the shoulder to the point of the buttock) = 9 : 10, rather compact than elongated.

Ideal relation of height at withers : depth of chest = 2 : 1.

重要比例：

肩高：身長=9:10，緊湊不宜過長。

理想的肩高和胸深比例是2:1

BEHAVIOUR/TEMPERAMENT:

Self-confident, attentive, vigilant, fearless in every day situations; good-natured and devoted to his own people, self-assured and placid towards strangers ; of medium temperament, docile.

行為/秉性：

自信，機警，溫和。不兇狠也不害羞。儘管伯恩山犬會避開陌生人，但姿態堅定。

HEAD:頭部

Strong. In size balanced to general appearance, not too massive.

強壯。與整體外觀相協調，不過大。

CRANIAL REGION:顱部區域

Skull: Viewed from the front and in profile little rounded. Frontal furrow hardly marked.

頭骨：從側面和正面看有點圓，額頭皺紋不明顯。

Stop:Well defined, but without being too pronounced.

額段：明顯，但不是很突出。

FACIAL REGION:面部區域

Nose:Black.

鼻：黑色。

Muzzle:Strong, of medium length; nasal bridge straight.

口吻：強壯，中等長度；鼻樑直。

Lips:Close fitting; black.

嘴唇：緊閉，黑色。

Jaws/Teeth:Strong, complete scissor bite (molars 3 (M3) are not taken into consideration). Pincer bite accepted.

頜/齒：結實，完全剪狀咬合（不考慮M3），允許水平咬合。

Eyes:Dark brown, almond-shaped, with close fitting eyelids. Neither too deep-set nor prominent. Loose eyelids are faulty.

眼睛：深棕色，杏仁狀，眼瞼緊。不能深陷或突出。眼瞼鬆弛屬缺陷。

Ears:Medium-sized, set high, triangular in shape, slightly rounded at the tips, in repose hanging flat and close to the head. When alert, the rear part of the set-on is raised while the front edge of the ear remains close to the head.

耳朵：中等大小，耳根位置高，三角形，尖端略圓，休息時耳尖貼頭部下垂。當犬處於戒備狀態時，耳根立，耳尖仍貼近頭部。

NECK:Strong, muscular, of medium length.

頸部：頸部強壯，肌肉豐滿，中等長度。

BODY:軀幹

Topline: From the neck running slightly downwards to the withers in a harmonious line, then running on straight and level.

背線：從頸部以和諧線條微向下至肩胛骨，然後呈水平直線。

Back: Firm, straight and level.

背：結實，平直。

Loins: Broad and strong; seen from above slightly less broad than the chest.

腰：寬且強壯，從上面看比胸部略窄。

Croup: Smoothly rounded.

臀：平滑的圓形。

Chest: Broad and deep, reaching to the elbows; forechest distinctly developed; ribcage of wide-oval section extending as well back as possible.

胸：寬且深，達肘關節。前胸發育明顯，胸腔呈橫的橢圓型，向後伸展。

Underline/belly: Slightly rising from chest to hindquarters.

腹線：從胸部向後軀略升起。

TAIL:Bushy, reaching at least to the hocks; hanging straight down when at rest; carried level with back or slightly above when moving.

尾：被毛濃密，長度至少達跗關節；休息時尾下垂；運動時與背部水平或略高。

LIMBS:四肢

FOREQUARTERS:前軀

LIMBS: Strong bones.

四肢：骨骼強健。

General appearance:Forelegs seen from the front straight and parallel, standing rather wide apart.

整體外觀：從前面看，前腿直且平行，站立時相當分開。

Shoulder:Shoulder blade long, strong and well laid back, forming a not too obtuse angle with the upper arm, well attached to the chest, well muscled.

肩：肩胛骨長，強壯，與前臂形成一個不太鈍的角，緊貼著胸，肌肉發達。

Upper arm: Long, set oblique.

上臂：長，傾斜。

Elbows: Close fitting; neither turned in nor out.

肘：緊貼身體，既不外翻也不內翻。

Forearms:Strong, straight.

前臂：結實，直。

Metacarpus (Pastern): Seen from the side almost upright, firm; seen from the front in straight line with the forearm.

掌骨（系部）：從側面看幾乎垂直，結實；從前面看與臂部成直線。

Forefeet: Short, roundish; with well-knit, well-arched toes. Turned neither in nor out.

前足：短，圓；緊閉，腳趾拱形，既不內翻也不外翻。

LIMBS:四肢

HINDQUARTERS: 後軀

General appearance:Seen from the rear straight and parallel, not too close.

整體外觀：從後面看垂直且平行，不太緊靠。

Upper thigh:Long, broad, strong and well muscled.

大腿：寬、長，強壯，肌肉發達。

Stifle (Knee): Distinctly well bent.

後膝關節: 彎曲明顯。

Lower thigh: Long and oblique.

小腿：長且傾斜。

Hock:Strong, well angulated.

跗關節：強壯，角度適當。

Metatarsus: Set almost vertically. Dewclaws to be removed (except in those countries where it is prohibited by law).

跖骨：幾乎垂直，狼爪去除（除在有法律禁止的國家之外）。

Hind feet: Slightly less arched than forefeet, turned neither in nor out.

後足：拱起比前趾略小，既不內翻也不外翻。

GAIT/MOVEMENT:

Sound and balanced movement in all gaits covering a lot of ground; free stride reaching well out in front, with good drive from behind; at the trot, coming and going, legs moving forward in a straight line.

步態/動態：

所有步態均健全而平衡，覆蓋大量地面；前軀充分伸展，後軀有力；小跑時，四肢落地點趨向身體的中心線。

COAT:被毛

Hair:Long, shining, straight or slightly wavy.

毛質：被毛長，有光澤，直毛或微彎曲。

Colour:Jet black main colour with rich tan markings on the cheeks, above the eyes, on all four legs and on the chest, and with white markings as follows :

Clean white symmetrical markings on the head : blaze extending towards the nose on both sides to a muzzle band; the blaze should not reach the tan markings above the eyes, and the white muzzle band should not extend beyond the corners of the mouth.

Moderately broad, unbroken white marking on throat and chest.

Desirable : white feet, white tip of tail.

Tolerated : small white patch on nape of neck, small white anal patch.

毛色: 純黑為主色，褐色斑紋位於：面頰、眼上方、四肢及胸部。白斑位於以下位置：

頭部對稱白色：向鼻子兩側延伸；不應到達眼睛上方的茶色，口角的白斑不超過嘴角。

頸和胸部，中等寬度，不間斷的白斑。

理想：腳白色，尾尖白色。

允許：頸背有少量白色。肛門少許白色。

SIZE:尺寸

Height at the withers:

for dogs : 64-70 cm,ideal size : 66-68 cm.

for bitches : 58-66 cm,ideal size : 60-63 cm.

肩高：

雄性 64～70cm；理想高度66～68cm。

雌性 58～66cm；理想高度60～63cm。

FAULTS:缺陷

Any departure from the foregoing points should be considered a fault and the seriousness with which the fault should be regarded should be in exact proportion to its degree and its effect upon the health and welfare of the dog.

Unsure behaviour.

Fine bones.

Irregular set of the incisors provided that the bite remainscorrect.

Absence of any other theeth than 2 PM1 (premolars 1); theM3 (molars 3) are not taken into consideration.

Coat :

- Distinctly curly coat.

- Faults of colour and markings :

- Absence of white on head.

- Blaze too large and/or muzzle band reaching noticeably beyond the corners of the mouth.

- White collar.

- Large white patch on nape of neck (maximum diameter more than 6 cm).

- White anal patch (maximum size 6 cm).

- White markings on forelegs reaching distinctly beyond half-way of pasterns (「boots」).

- Disturbingly asymmetrical white markings on head and/or chest.

- Black ticks and stripes within the white on the chest.

- 「Dirty」 white (strong spots of pigmentation).

- Black coat with a touch of brown or red.

任何與上述各點的背離均視為缺陷，其缺陷嚴重性嚴格地與其缺陷的程度及其對犬的健康和福利的影響成比例。

行為不定。

骨頭纖細。

咬合完整時，門牙不規則。

缺乏其它牙齒而不是2顆PM1,M3不考慮在內。

被毛：

－明顯曲毛。

－顏色和斑點缺陷：

－頭無白斑。

－ 白斑過大和/或口角上的白斑明顯超過嘴角。

－白頸

－頸背白斑大（最大直徑大於6cm）。

－肛門周圍白色（最大6cm）。

－前腳白斑超過掌高的一半。

－頭和/或胸有不對稱的白斑。

－胸上的白斑有黑色點和條紋。

－「髒的」白斑（嚴重著色）。

－黑色被毛中有褐色或者紅色斑點。

DISQUALIFYING FAULTS:失格缺陷

Aggressive, anxious or distinctly shy.

Any dog clearly showing physical or behavioural abnormalities shall be disqualified.

Split nose.

Undershot or overshot mouth, wry mouth.

One or two blue eyes (wall eye).

Entropion, ectropion.

Kinky tail, ring tail.

Short coat, double coat (Stockhaar).

Other than tricoloured coat.

Other main colour than black.

好鬥，焦慮或者明顯害羞。

任何身體和行為有異常的犬都認為異常。

鼻子裂開。

長下顎或者短下顎嘴巴，歪嘴巴。

單眼或雙眼藍色。

內翻或者外翻。

尾巴成圓形或者彎曲。

被毛短，雙層毛（直毛）。

不同於三色毛。

主色不是黑色。

N.B.：

Male animals should have two apparently normal testicles fullydescended into the scrotum.

Only functionally and clinically healthy dogs, with breed typicalconformation, should be used for breeding.

注：

公犬具備兩個明顯正常且完全置於陰囊的睾丸

只有身體機能以及臨床表現健康的，具備典型犬種結構的犬只，才可用於繁殖。

犬只各部位名稱（FCI標準通用）

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