俄國妙計安天下，賠了政權又折兵

最新 05-08

隨著第一次工業革命和資本主義在歐陸上的飛速發展一起到來的，是自然科學領域的重大突破。新技術革命的成果廣泛應用於工業生產，從而引發了人類歷史上的第二次工業革命。第二次工業革命以電力的普及為主要特點，它使世界跨進了電氣時代。它在工業生產領域內部引起的變革，使勞動力和企業之間的摩擦愈演愈烈。工人階級在這個時期逐漸成長壯大，工人黨也在各國爭奪更大的權力。為了擴大自己的權益，各國工人及其政黨都有了加強國際間工人團結的想法，在這種情況下，恩格斯於1889年組建了第二國際。第二國際是第一國際（即國際工人聯合會）的延續和發展，它促進了更多國家建立工人政黨，推動了各國工人運動的進一步發展。

With the rapid development of the first industrial revolution and capitalism in Europe, the major breakthrough of natural science was coming too. The achievements of the new technology revolution were used in production widely and then led people to enter the second industrial revolution. The main characteristic of it was the popularization of electricity, which made the world step into the age of electricity. This situation caused a revolution in industrial production, which had caused the increasingly fierce friction between the labor force and the enterprise. The working class was growing at that time, the workers』 party was fighting for a stronger power in different countries as well. To expand their power, all of the workers and their political parties had a thought which could reinforce the communication with the workers around the world. In this case, Engels established the second international in 1889. The second international was the extension and the development of the first international, it promoted more countries to establish the political parties and also pushed the further progress of the labor movement.

日本在甲午戰爭中戰勝號稱世界第六的北洋水師後，軍國主義膨脹。他們將下一個目標瞄向了俄遠東地區。與此同時，沙皇尼古拉二世覬覦滿洲已久，他也想取得在滿洲的霸權，於是一場戰爭就不可避免地發生了。一位俄軍將領這樣說到：「一個俄國兵能戰勝三個日本兵，而我們只需要14天的時間就可以在滿洲集結40萬大軍。」然而俄軍的軍事思想卻早已落伍，他們崇尚白刃戰，海軍改造計劃遠未完成，西伯利亞大鐵路尚未完工，而這也使大規模動員成為天方夜譚。俄國人的輕敵和自身的混亂導致了它的慘敗，從此俄國人停止了向遠東擴張的腳步，戰爭造成的經濟人力損失也進一步激化了國內矛盾。

After Japan defeated Beiyang Fleet which is ranked sixth in the world during the Sino-Japanese War, militarism expanded in Japan. Therefore, Japan aimed its next target at the Far East of Russia. In the meantime, Czar Nicholas II had been coveting Manchuria for a long time, and he wanted to gain hegemony of Manchuria. As a result, a war took place inevitably. 「A Russian soldier can defeat three Japanese soldiers, and it only took us 14 days to gather 400,000 soldiers in Manchuria,」 said a Russian general. However, the military thoughts of Russian army had been out of date for a long time. Russian army advocated hand-to-hand combats; naval transformation plan was far from being completed; the construction of Siberian Railway was still in progress. In this case, mass mobilization became impossible. Russia』s underestimating enemy and internal chaos led to its fiasco. Since then, Russians have stopped expanding to the Far East, while economic and manpower losses caused by the war further intensified domestic conflicts.

進入帝國主義時代後，各資本主義國家的實力對比發生了明顯的變化。經濟飛速發展的德國開始威脅大英帝國的利益，而法，德之間的矛盾也促使法國向英國靠攏。俄國和奧匈帝國的關係因為巴爾幹地區的爭端而跌入谷底。因此在德國和奧匈帝國的威脅下，俄國政府決定與英法結成聯盟。

After entering The era of Imperialism, the gaps in the power of capitalist countries changed significantly. Germany with its rapid economic development began to threaten the interests of the British Empire, and the conflict between France and Germany also led to a closer relationship between France and Britain. The relationship between Russia and Austro-Hungary fell off the cliff due to disputes in the Balkan region. Therefore under the threat of Germany and Austria-Hungary, the Russian Government decided to form an alliance with Britain and France.

「燈光正在歐洲熄滅」——英國外交大臣格雷

1914年6月28日（塞爾維亞國慶節）奧匈帝國王儲斐迪南大公在薩拉熱窩視察時被塞爾維亞民族主義青年刺殺，在短短的五個星期內，歐陸各國及其殖民地就在世界範圍內開始了全面戰爭。這場史上空前慘烈的戰爭，被世人稱作第一次世界大戰。一戰時期的俄國稱不上工業化，比如說俄國的軍事策略仍然保留著蘇沃洛夫時的思想，哥薩克騎兵仍發揮重要的作用，這導致了戰爭初期德國對俄國的軍事壓制，俄國的工農業也因此遭到重創，百姓的生活雪上加霜。

"The lights are going out in Europe" -- British foreign secretary Gray.

On June 28, 1914 (Serbia』s National Day), the Austro-Hungarian"s Empire"s crown prince Archduke Ferdinand was assassinated by Serbian nationalist youth in Sarajevo visit. In just five weeks, a full-scale war broke out among European countries and their colonies in the world. It is known as the first world war. Russia was not industrialized at that time. For example, its military strategy was still obeying the Suvorov"s thought, and the Cossack cavalry was still playing an important role. Thus, at the beginning of the war, German』s military power was superior to Russia』s. Not only the industry and agriculture but also the citizen were suffering from hardship.

俄國在一戰中投入的巨大人力財力使羅曼諾夫王朝如履薄冰，隨時都可能墜入冰窟。1917年三月（俄歷二月）在一戰尚未結束時，俄國國內終於爆發了一次資產階級民主革命，史稱「二月革命」。在布爾什維克鼓動下，首都各大工廠及機關舉行了一場大罷工，一時間鬧得沸沸揚揚。沙皇尼古拉二世雖然軟弱，但在鎮壓叛亂方面卻是一個狠角色。他調動軍隊在各地鎮壓叛亂，卻沒想到軍隊發生了嘩變，革命之火迅速席捲了首都聖彼得堡和數大城市，在不到兩周內整整統治俄國304年的羅曼諾夫王朝轟然崩塌，革命取得了某種意義上的成功。為什麼說是「某種意義上」呢？因為二月革命是由白軍和布爾什維克同時發動的，雖然革命瓦解了帝國主義政權，但卻使俄國陷入了群龍無首的境況，無論是白軍也好，布爾什維克也罷，其都是和外國政治有關聯的，俄國本身也似乎成為了列強暗鬥的角斗場。白軍是由英美所支持，其目的是在俄國建立一個資本主義政府；而布爾什維克則是由德國暗中支持，他們的計劃是通過將革命號召者列寧偷偷送回俄國，從而迫使沙俄退出一戰，進而與俄國簽署條約，好將鋒芒對準西線的敵人。

The huge amount of resource Russia spent in WWI made the Romanov Dynasty unstable. In March 1917 ( February in Russian calendar), before the end of WWI, a bourgeois revolution was started in Russia, which was called February Revolution. With the agitation of Bolshevik, several main factories and departments in Moscow held a huge strike, and the news was spread quickly. Although Czar Nicolas II was weak, he was determined to put down rebellions. He arranged the local military to suppress the rebellion but didn"t think of the betrayal of his own army. Soon the fire of revolution got across St. Petersburg and other major cities, and the Romanov Dynasty which lasted for 304 years, was conquered in less than two weeks; the rebels won in some ways. Why are we saying "in some ways"? That is because the February Revolution was started by both the White Army and Bolshevik. Although the revolution overthrew the Imperialism regime, Russia became a country without a leader. Both the White Army and Bolshevik are related to foreign politics. Russia became an arena with different forces. The White Army was supported by the American military, whose aim is to establish a Capitalist government; while Bolshevik was supported snakily by the German government, which had the purpose of sending Lenin-- the pioneer of the revolution-- back to Russia secretly so that Russia could quit the WWI and sign the treaty with Germany. Thus, they could aim for the enemies in the Western front.