聚焦：後現代主義建築大師詹姆斯斯特林

最新 05-08

斯圖加特國立美術館新館（1977–1984，德國，1984年）Staatsgalerie, Stuttgart, Germany (1977–1984), 1984. Alastair Hunter, photographer. Image Courtesy of Canadian Centre for Architecture

Spotlight: James Stirling

由專築網李韌，王帥編譯

普利茲克獎得主英國建築師詹姆斯?斯特林（James Stirling，1926年4月22日—1992年6月25日）自小在英格蘭西北部工業城市利物浦成長，他的職業生涯現代運動背後的創作和理論思想。從文脈主義的先驅柯林?羅（Colin Rowe），再到現代主義建築師大師柯布西耶（Le Corbusier），亦或是義大利文藝復興建築作品及俄羅斯構成主義，在各種建築理論的影響下，斯特林形成了自己的一系列建築理論，這些理念都體現於其作品之中。他的設計作品在當時的社會上顯得有些「格格不入」，甚至激起一些爭論。

British architect and Pritzker Laureate Sir James Stirling (22 April 1926 – 25 June 1992) grew up in Liverpool, one of the two industrial powerhouses of the British North West, and began his career subverting the compositional and theoretical ideas behind the Modern Movement. Citing a wide-range of influences—from Colin Rowe, a forefather of Contextualism, to Le Corbusier, and from architects of the Italian Renaissance to the Russian Constructivist movement—Stirling forged a unique set of architectural beliefs that manifest themselves in his works. Indeed his architecture, commonly described as "nonconformist," consistently caused annoyance in conventional circles.

詹姆斯?斯特林肖像／Portrait of James Stirling. Ray Williams, photographer.. Image Courtesy of Canadian Centre for Architecture

根據Rowan Moore的說法，斯特林的作品在當時具有一定的衝突性，然而，Reyner Banham也評論其作品是對於當時某些社會現象的「含蓄指控」，斯特林的作品不僅具有開創性，而且相當有趣。在1996年，英國皇家建築師學會甚至以他的名字設置了獎項，即後來眾所周知的斯特林獎。

According to Rowan Moore, Stirling also "designed some of the most notoriously malfunctioning buildings of modern times." Yet, for all the "veiled accusations of incompetence," as Reyner Banham put it, Stirling produced a selection of the world"s most interesting and groundbreaking buildings. Notably, the Royal Institute of British Architects" highest award, the Stirling Prize, was named after him in 1996.

劍橋歷史系教學樓（1963–1967）／History Faculty Building, University of Cambridge, England (1963–1967). Ezra Stoller, photographer. Image Courtesy of Canadian Centre for Architecture

位於劍橋皇后大學的弗洛里大樓（Florey Building）是蘇格蘭建築大師詹姆斯?斯特林「紅色三部曲」之一，其它兩個項目分別是萊斯特大學工程樓（Leicester Engineering Faculty building）和劍橋歷史系教學樓（Cambridge History Faculty building）。這些建築有著激進的現代主義特色。劍橋歷史系教學樓（1968年）由斯特林和合作夥伴James Gowan共同設計，在其中，使用者必須「在溫度極不穩定的溫室中學習生活，甚至還時常有著古怪的聲響、頻繁的漏風漏雨，以及隨時掉落的牆皮」。但是建築空間中緊張感與精緻感共存，作品中「力與美的完美融合」極具突破性。

The Queen』s College Florey building was the third and final building of The Red Trilogy, encompassing the Leicester Engineering Faculty building and the Cambridge History Faculty building. Within its design was held an architectural style imbued with a radically revised type of Modernism. This history faculty building (1968) at the University of Cambridge, which he designed alongside his partner James Gowan, often forced its inhabitants to "struggle to study in [an] alternately freezing/boiling greenhouse, with dodgy acoustics, frequent leaks and falling cladding tiles." Yet the architectural concepts of interweaving tension and elaboration and, according to Moore, "interplays of forces and illusions" were groundbreaking.

義大利拉蒂納公共圖書館（1979–1985），軸測圖／Biblioteca Pubblica, Latina, Italy (1979–1985): worm"s-eye axonometric view of reference library. Image Courtesy of Canadian Centre for Architecture

Stiff Dom-ino住宅，理論方案（1951），軸測圖／Stiff Dom-ino Housing, theoretical project (1951): cut-away axonometric view with hinged windows. Image Courtesy of Canadian Centre for Architecture

斯特林於1984年設計的斯圖加特國立美術館新館很快成為了「當時最引人注目的觀光景點」，甚至有人認為這座建築是畢爾巴鄂古根海姆博物館（Guggenheim Museum Bilbao）的原型。在斯圖加特美術館新館之後，斯特林的作品被貼上了後現代主義的標籤，但他自己卻十分抗拒這個名號。在此期間，他常常受到許多重大項目的委託，例如倫敦泰特美術館，還有位於其家鄉利物浦的新泰特美術館設計工作。

His 1984 Neue Staatsgalerie in Stuttgart quickly became, according to Moore, "one of the biggest tourist attractions in the country," making it "a prototype of the Guggenheim in Bilbao." After the Staatsgalerie, Stirling"s work was often described as Postmodernism, a label which he himself rejected. During this time he also received a number of significant commissions, from the Clore Gallery to London"s Tate Britain and the design for the new Tate Galleries in his hometown of Liverpool.

英國倫敦泰特美術館／Clore Gallery, Tate Britain, London. Image Wikimedia user Elekhh licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0

斯特林曾經被授予了騎士爵位，然而不幸的是，在1992年6月25日，他醫治無效而離世。近年來，他的作品愈發受人關注，後人甚至通過大量的書籍與展覽來紀念這位建築大師。甚至在2012年，人們還舉辦了名為「James Stirling: Notes from the Archive in Canada」的作品展。在職業生涯的後期，他的作品愈發精緻，其粉絲們認為，先前某些作品的失敗應該歸咎於當時落後的施工技術，以及建造成本的不足。

A few days after being conferred with a Knighthood, Stirling was hospitalized and died on the 25th June 1992. In recent years his work has been continually re-evaluated, leading to a number of books and exhibitions, most notably the 2012 exhibition James Stirling: Notes from the Archive in Canada. For Moore, his later work became "more likeable and less leaky". His defenders have often ascribed the technical failures of his buildings to poor construction, cost-cutting and unworkable clients.