二等獎作品解讀：機械樹 | 義龍未來城市國際設計競賽
原標題：二等獎作品解讀：機械樹 | 義龍未來城市國際設計競賽
編者按：由貴州省黔西南州義龍新區管委會與CBC建築中心主辦、樓納國際建築師公社承辦、《城市?環境?設計》（UED）雜誌社協辦的「義龍未來城市設計國際競賽」，以「東方山水與未來城市」為競賽題目，以中國貴州義龍的秋水湖區域為設計對象，旨在設計專屬於義龍的、可持續發展的未來城市。
二等獎作品機械樹，從未來城市的運作模式及其對城市和生活方式的影響，為未來的城市發展提供思路。
1
作品簡介
作品名稱：機械樹——生長的城市與遷徙的居民
Mechanical Tree - Growing Cities and Migratory Residents
作者：楊振宇 YANG Zhenyu
2
作品解讀
在這裡，人們的「面孔被服飾所遮蔽，感情被景觀所掩蓋... 」，於是，「人們在一個不穩定、不確定、迅速擴張的空間範圍內，對於空間、場所、現在、過去和未來的意義進行追問...」
——大衛哈維《巴黎城記：現代性之都的誕生》
19 世紀中葉奧斯曼的新巴黎帶給城市居民心理的迷茫與精神的疏離。如今，在快速全球化、城市化的過程中，更多的人被捲入其中。城市化過程的問題不只是物質空間秩序的改變，還包括了社會關係、私密性與心理感受。
In the middle of nineteenth Century, Georges-Eugène Haussmann"s new Paris brought the mental confusion and spiritual alienation of urban residents. Nowadays, more and more people areinvolved in the process of rapid globalization and urbanization. The problem of this process includes not only the order change ofmaterial space, but also the social relations, the privacy and the psychological feeling.
▲馬維爾（攝於1850-1851年間）所拍攝的照片，圖片來自《巴黎城記：現代性之都的誕生》
如主辦方所言，這次競賽是從零打造一座面向未來的城市的機會。對我而言，這種從無到有的設計過程更是一個重新審視新舊城市問題的機會。畢竟，我們很容易顛倒了本末習慣於把城市改造看作解決建設社會問題的辦法和目的。所以，如何理解城市，如何尋找義龍類地域的機會並提出未來城市的可能？
As the organizers said, the competition is an opportunity to build a futuristic city from scratch.Forme, this design process from zero to one is even an opportunity to re-examinethe old and new problems of the cities.Afterall, we are always accustomed to easily put the cart before the horse and think the transformation of the city as a solution and objective to the problems of socialconstruction.So,how to understand the city, how to search the chance of the Yilong-likeregion and put forward the possibility of the future city?
01 讀題
劃關鍵詞：義龍、未來、城市、東方山水
Key words: Yilong, the future, the city, the eastern mountains and rivers.
探討內容：多遠的未來、社會運作機制的關聯、在地與世界、傳統與未來、地景與城市
Contents to be discussed: how far future is this "future"? influence of social operationmechanism, the site and the world, the tradition and the future, the landscape and the city.
02 關鍵詞分析
義龍的方向
從業九年，我明白新城規劃最重要的是產業，拋開產業談城市、談規劃、談空間形態，都是空談。而沒有實地踏勘和數據的支持對特定地點的分析策劃更是空口白牙。所以對現有文本和網路資料閱讀梳理後，我決定把義龍類型化，義龍的機遇也是所有區域型中小城市的機遇。當城市化進入均衡發展階段，這類地域如何吸引大城市的溢出資源，形成有效的運轉機制？這需要對未來產業方向的把握。
With nine years』 professional experience, I understand that the most important thing in the new town planningis the industry planning. Without industry itis empty talking about the city, the planning and the space form. While it will be more empty to analyse and plan the specific location without the support of data and field survey.Therefore, after reading the existing text and network information, I decided to type the Yilong, and see the opportunity of Yilong as also that of all regional small and medium-sized cities. When urbanization enters a balanced development stage, how does this kind of region attract the overflow resources of large cities and form an effective operating mechanism? This needs to grasp the direction of future industry.
▲義龍規劃結構圖 ?義龍新區資料圖冊
資本主義的發展經歷了地域、金融的兩次空間擴張，陷入困境。大數據等技術革新、網路虛擬空間擴張被認為是破解出路。義龍的產業定位於網路技術、新能源、新材料等，那麼針對性地提供優質的基礎設施、政策支持則是必須。
The development of capital has experienced two spatial expansion of region and finance, which is in trouble. Large data, other technological innovations and virtual space expansion of network are consideredto be the solution. The industry planningof Yilong is located in networktechnology, new energy, new materials and so on. So it is a must to providehigh quality infrastructure and policy support.
山水的意義
從既有資源來看，義龍類地域最大的優勢在於優美的山水環境。那麼如何利用？
From the view of the existing resources, the greatestadvantage of the Yilong region lies in the beautiful landscape environment.Then how to take advantage of it?
▲現狀拼貼 ?楊振宇
以山水為代表的自然文化是我們文化基因的一部分，我們對自然的理解從秦漢對自然的佔有、魏晉的順應、唐的隱逸其中，到受禪宗影響的宋——向抽象尋理，再到明清的精神寄託。這個具體到抽象的過程讓人想到約瑟夫·孔蘇思的《一把椅子和三把椅子》這件作品。
The natural culture represented by mountains and waters is a part of our cultural genes. Our understanding of nature is from the possession of nature of Qin and Han Dynasties, Wei Jin"s adaptation, the reclusionof Tang Dynasty, to Song Dynasty influencedby Zen, which all searched theories from the abstract, and then to the spiritual sustenance of Ming and Qing Dynasties. This process from concrete to abstract comes to the mind of Joseph Kossuth"s works of "One and Three Chairs ".
▲One and Three Chairs, 1965 -Joseph Kosuth
原本，抽象的認知是為了更深刻的理解和體驗，而不是忘記和拋棄。然而，某些程度而言，城市越強勢，離自然越遙遠。大部分的城市的山水自然只是周末堵在路上的郊區、大長假只見人頭不見風景的風景區、像盆景一樣被圈養的城市公園、以及用建築形體無意義的模仿。
Originally, abstract cognition is for a deeper understanding and experience, rather than forgetting and abandonment.However,to some extent, the stronger the city is, the more remote it is from nature.Most of the city"s natural landscape is only a suburb where we are stuck on the road at weekends, scenic spots where we can only see people without scenery inlong holidays, urban parks like captivity in a bonsai and meaningless imitation of architectural shapes.
物質城市的實體本身就是建立在對自然的改造（破壞或消耗）之上。城市通過道路分割、建築佔用改造環境，之後卻通過模仿和圈養來回憶和讚美自然，而這種回憶更演變為提高地方形象、追逐商業利益的概念。那麼實體城市與實體自然該如何相處？
The substance of the physical city itself is based onthe transformation of nature (destruction or consumption). City devid nature by usingroads and buildings occupating and transforming environment. Thenit remembers and praises nature through imitation and captivity, and this kind of memory has evolved into the concept of improving local image and pursuing business benefits. So how do the real cities get along with nature entity?
問題的關鍵在於未來城市的實體部分是否可以弱勢發展。
I think that the key of the problem lies in whether the entity parts of the future cities canbe developed weakly.
城市的分析
現在的城市更符合列斐伏爾的觀點——「完全城市化」，而不只是一個相對於鄉村的地理概念。現在，不僅城市的核心與邊緣，鄉村、油田、礦井、景區、自然保護區等都被城市黑洞牽引，通過道路連接，向城市輸送產品，供養城市核心的生存。
Now the city is more in line with Lefebvre"s view "completely urbanized," rather than just a geographical concept relative to country.Now, not only the core and the edge of the city, but also the rural areas, oilfields, mines, scenic spots, nature reserves and so on are all being pulled by the black hole of the city, connecting products to the cities through roads and supporting the core survival of the cities.
▲城市需求對環境的影響 ?楊振宇
城市是社會機器的物質形態，它像是社會的引擎，消耗資源、輸出動力、排除廢氣。
The city is the material form of the social machine.It is like the engine of the society, which consumes resources, outputs power and exhausts waste gas.
▲引擎想像 ?楊振宇
它就像是《雪國列車》所呈現的一樣，這部改編自法國漫畫的電影用火車象徵社會的實體形態。火車的設計師、所有者維爾福德在世界進入冰川時代、生命滅絕之前設計並啟動了火車，這讓火車上的人和其它物種成為舊世界的倖存者。
It is like shown in the "SnowPiercer」, this movie adapted by a French comic symbolizes the social entityform with the train. Wilford, the designer and owner of the train, designed andlaunched the train before the world entered the glacial age and the extinction of lives, which made people and other species on the train become the survivors of the old world.
▲列車地圖
這列火車就像是一個被人完整設計並實現的微型社會，它有完整的社會結構和所需品，包括階層、生態、資源、能源等，每節車廂就是社會結構的切片。
This train is like a completely designed and implemented micro society. It has a complete social structure and all needs,including stratum, ecology, resources, energy and so on. Each compartment is aslice of social structure.
下面，請您把旋轉手機90度
▲列車圖象分析圖 ?楊振宇
雪國列車象徵的社會結構是一個獨立於外部自然環境的孤立的閉環結構。動力、水、食物三方共同構成這個社會結構的主幹，同時也是這個社會結構的壁壘，在極端天氣條件下，保護內部成員的同時，也束縛內部成員逃離。而其內部的生態環境則脆弱不堪且被特權階層所佔有。
The social structure symbolized by 「Snow Piercer」 isan isolated cloed-loop structure which is independent of external environment.The three sides of power, water and food constitute the backbone of the socialstructure, and also a barrier of that. Under extreme weather conditions, the internal members are protected, at the same time, they are also restrained toavoid fleeing. While the internal ecosystem is fragile and occupied by the privileged class.
韋伯曾提出資本主義鐵籠的概念，它使得人人都無處可逃，進而吞沒每個人的主觀意義。而哈貝馬斯在現代公共領域的三次轉型中也有類似擔憂，他稱之為社會系統對個體生活的殖民。
Max Weber had the concept of the iron cage, which makes everyoneno place to flee and swallow everyone"s subjective meaning. In the threetransition of the modern public domain, Jürgen Habermas also had similarconcerns, which he called the colonization of the individual life in the socialsystem.
▲拼貼焦慮鐵籠 ?楊振宇
我們是否可反思城市建設的思路，在這個基礎上，發展一個與自然更友好的社會運作的結構。這個結構由幾個模塊組成，相互協作共同維持社會運作。同時，這個結構是一個開放結構，它與外部開放的自然環境獨立共存，形成穩定持續的生態系統。
Whether we can reflect on the idea of urban construction? On this basis, we can develop a more friendly structure of social operation with nature. This structure is composed of several modules which cooperate with each other to maintain social operation. At the same time, this structureis an open one, which coexists independently with the external open natural environment, forming a stable and sustainable ecosystem.
▲分析_從閉環結構到開放結構 ?楊振宇
未來的可能
城市的實體形態取決於社會的運轉模式，那麼未來的運作模式是否會有所變化。而這個「未來」又是多遠的未來？我認為拋開各種不確定的部分，可以影響未來的主要因素是科技的發展。我希望通過一個推演，來分析技術的發展對現實的作用。如圖，首先提取現有的城市問題，對應居民和商業個體與城市病的關係，並嘗試梳理技術發展趨勢，預測它們的應用對未來的影響。
The physical form of a city depends on the mode of social operation, and then whether the future mode of operation will change,and how far future is this "future"?I think that throwing out all kinds of uncertain parts, the main factor that can affect the future is the development of science and technology. I want to analyze the effection of the development of technology on reality through a deduction. As shown in the figure, first, Iextract the existing urban problems, correspond to the relationship between residents and commercial individuals and urban diseases, try to sort out the trend of technology development, and predict their impact on the future.
▲城市問題及技術趨勢分析 ?楊振宇
03 分析結論
基於這些思考，我希望我的設計不是針對地塊的簡單的規劃或形式的捏造。我希望可以深入探討社會運轉機制的未來趨勢，以及它對城市和生活方式的影響，以此來為未來的城市發展提供思路。
Based on those thoughts, I hope that my design is nota simple plan or a form of fabrication for the plot.I hope to further explore the future trend of social operational mechanism and its impact on the city and lifestyle, so as to provide ideas for future urban development.
04 社會運作機制
基於對技術可能的分析，可以梳理出三個發展趨勢。
Based on the possible analysis of technology, threetrends can be sorted out as follows:
公共功能的網路化數字化
隨著網路技術的快速發展，商業、商務、社會服務、政府職能等都將在網路上完成。如線上商城、網路辦公、常規醫療、基礎教育、銀行服務、行政審批等，城市實體的職能將被削弱，主要以線下展示和旅遊服務等為主。企業可通過線上的虛擬辦公場所連接員工，節省高昂的房租成本；居民在家即可快速進行消費、辦公、行政審批等行為，節省通勤成本。
Business,commerce, social services, government functions and so on will be completed onthe network under the rapid development of network technology. Forexample, online shopping mall, network office, regular medical care, basiceducation, banking services, administrative examination and approval, etc., the functions of urban entities will be weakened, mainly by offline exhibition and tourism services.Enterprises can connect employees through onlinevirtual offices to save high rental costs. Residents can quickly consume, workand administrative approval at home to save commuting costs.
個體空間的標準化終端化
傳統意義的家變成了一個多功能的空間，通過虛擬現實技術連接網路，進入辦公、商業、政務、醫療、教育等不同場景，並可快速地在各種場景之間的轉換。這樣，社會對實體建築的需求將大大降低，小型可批量生產的居住單元成為主要的建設需求。城市的無序擴張將停止，更多的土地將返還給自然。
The traditional home becomes a multi-functional space,which connects to the network by virtual reality technology, entering different scenarios such as office, business, government affairs, medical treatment,education and so on, and changing quickly between scenes.Inthis way, the demand for the real building will be greatly reduced by the society, and the small and mass production type of residential unit will be the main construction demand. The unordered expansion of the city will stop, and more land will be returned to nature.
雲城市 & 舊城市 & 新城市
網路是一個可無限開發的空間，最終將建成一個連接全世界的超級雲城市。人們可居住在世界的任一地點，通過網路隨時連接雲城市。傳統意義的城市將隨著居民的流出而瓦解。
The network is a space that can be developed indefinitely and will eventually build into a super cloud city that connectsall over the world. People can live at any place in the world and connect tothe Cloud City at any time by the network. The traditional city will disintegrate with the outflow of the inhabitants.
實體城市不再強勢地割裂環境，將以兩種形式存在：
The entity city no longer separates the environment strongly, which will exist in two forms as below:
舊城市以旅遊和線下實體展示的功能為主，環境將逐漸修復。
In Traditional Cities, the functions of tourism and offline entitiesare mainly to be displayed, and the environment will be gradually restored.
新城市是以更小規模的社區聚落，這些聚落點式植入，如義龍一樣的優質的自然環境中，和諧共存。
New cities are smaller community settlements. This kind of settlement dot implant coexists harmoniously in a fine natural environment like Yilong.
那麼，這些科技趨勢是否能支持新的城市結構?
Then, whether these technical trends can support thenew urban structure?
▲技術趨勢結論及對結構影響分析 ?楊振宇
05 新城市結構模型
那麼，理想的共存於環境中的新城市以怎樣一種形態存在？
So, what kind of form the New City will exist in the ideal and co-existing environment?
▲新城市形式的推演 ?楊振宇
新城市的運行機制是怎樣的？新城市各部分的關係如何，如何生長？新城市的個體空間與城市機器的關係如何？
What is the operation mechanism of the New City? What is the relationship between the variousparts of the New City and how to grow? What is the relationship between the individual space and the city machine in the New City?
▲新城市分析 & 個體空間分析 ?楊振宇
最終的新城市是一個共存於環境之中，有如機械一樣運轉的機制，可自我平衡、自我生長的樹形結構。棲居其上的是平等的、可自由遷徙的、與結構互哺的個體空間。這就是機械樹，而這個設計談論的核心則是是自由主義、消費主義和社會慾望。
The final New City is a mechanism like mechnical operation that coexists in the environment, and a tree structure which can be self-balanced and self-growing, where individual space dwells on the basis of equality, freemigration, and feeds to each otherwith the tree structure.This is the mechanical tree, and the core of this design is to talk about the liberalism, consumerism and social desires.
06 成果展示
?楊振宇
3
UED × 楊振宇
UED對獲獎選手楊振宇進行了獨家專訪。
作者簡介
楊振宇
獨立建築師
UED ：作品機械樹的靈感來源於何處？《雪國列車》這個電影中所構想的自給自足的社會結構是否給設計帶來某些影響？
楊振宇：在決定參加競賽之前看了幾位評委對這次題目的解讀，挺有共鳴，也形成了最初的想法。我非常想討論社會結構、生產關係對城市的物質形態的主導，以及城市對自然環境、個體心理的破環和干擾，由此展開城市的問題和未來。而競賽的題目和專家的解讀讓我看到了這種探討的可能性。
其實很多電影都有從不同角度討論社會文明、自然環境和個體之間的問題，《雪國列車》的背景設定有這三者之間很清晰的邏輯關聯，同時這又是一個有著強烈個人主義的極端的社會模型，所以決定從它引出對機械樹這個設計的解釋。
但並非是以它為構思來源，相反，我認為對於有很強個人色彩的英雄主義強權思維的建築師而言，它是一個很好的警示寓言，畢竟建築師的作為和不作為都可能變成主導或者協從一場「犯罪」。
UED ：你對義龍類區域未來城市的理解是？這種理解是否基於調研或者資料查閱？
楊振宇：我並沒有針對義龍提供一個具體的設計方案，我提出的是一個方向性的解題建議。因為我認為具體設計是在正確的長期的宏觀決策控制下，根據具體而大量的場址信息得出的結論，它應該是一個推導結果。而現階段可支撐的是給出這個決策方向的建議，所以我從這個位置思考了方案概念如何推演。通過對主辦方資料及網路信息的閱讀，我認為在均衡發展的城市化階段，義龍是很有代表性的城市，所以提出了義龍類城市作為我設計中新城市的原型。
UED ：你如何找到「未來城市與東方山水」的結合點？您在文中提到山水的意義在於城市弱勢發展，最後看出的作品是基於未來城市運作方式形成的城市形態，城市的「弱勢」體現在哪裡呢？
楊振宇：正如前面提到，自然環境本身也是我想探討的一個方面，而我也極端地認為在現有環境總量、人口增速和城市的運作模式，城市與自然和諧共處本身就是個無解題。所以我才希望可以從社會結構和生產關係出發來探討改變城市運作模式的可能性，以此創造新城市。
至於東方山水，我想傳統文化對山水的理解是演進變化的，它經歷了類似於具象、寫意、抽象...這樣的過程，這是一種理解進化並融入的進步。它並沒有停留在對形式和寓意的簡單陳述，但現今很多項目都希望從形式和寓意上找尋找東方傳統和山水自然，為什麼不把問題回歸到的自然本身呢？因為這才是最困難的答題思路吧。
至於弱勢發展其實是指城市和環境的關係。城市的原始模式本身就是野蠻和強勢的，而它的強勢主要表現在大量的建築需求和道路需求上，這會造成對環境的佔用和割裂。所謂的弱勢發展就是降低城市的野蠻慾望。第一，建築空間的需求可以通過公共建築空間的數字化和個人空間的標準化來降低；第二，通過小型城市單元的自給自足來削弱大量生成模式（物流經濟）對道路的需求。
UED ：有什麼推薦的書和電影？
楊振宇：推薦這次競賽前後看的幾本書：《健全的社會》、《瘋癲與文明》、《權威與個人》。電影想到的是《銀翼殺手2049》有三部前傳是導演邀請三位朋友分別執導的短片，可以補充這部電影的世界觀，也適合做比較性觀看。
UED ：未來一年內最想完成的事情是什麼？
楊振宇：以前在學校的時候，一位要好的老師曾建議我對自己的人生每五年做一個規劃、三年做一次校正。到今年7月我就離校十年、工作十年了，所以決定出國學習，整理一下觀念修正一下方向。現在比較關注環境，所以選擇的也是環境、生態、可持續方面的課程。
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