該怎麼玩兒?The Foundation of Learning
在我思考三歲的孩子到底該玩兒多少,怎麼玩兒的時候,想到一定也有探討這個問題的書籍吧!輕鬆一搜就找了這本名為「Play」的書,它完整的標題是「Play-The Fundation of Children』s Learning」, 作者是Lisa Murphy。作者總結得斬釘截鐵,「玩兒」就是孩子們為學習打下的最好基礎!
本來我以為和很多暢銷的非虛構類書籍一樣,書中會有很多科學試驗結果,很多「據專家研究表明」和「據統計」,然而這本並沒有這些,只有作者自己二十多年幼教生涯觀察到的現象。雖然我在看的過程中並沒有感受到震撼或者大腦中的燈泡被點亮,但當我合上這本書時,我發現心裡很踏實,踏實地結束了關於桉桉幼兒園階段到底該玩兒多少學多少的掙扎,以及了解到「怎麼玩兒」的基本要點。看完這本書後,我覺得我更了解小桉桉了,至少是這個階段的她。我不再有任何猶豫地認定,這個三歲的孩子現在需要的就是各種有助於身心健康和大腦發育的玩兒。
先來簡單地介紹一下作者。她事業的起點就是自己三歲多第一次踏進幼兒園的那一天。那天作者看到了什麼呢?
「Here were swings, ladders, structures to climb, bikes to ride, hammers for pounding, ducks and chickens to chase, bunnies to hold, and water to splash. There were cable spools to roll and jump from, capes to wear, mails and wood for building things, baby dolls for washing, and a boat! A real boat for painting on and pretending in. There was a sandpit for digging with real shovels, bubbles for blowing, and right in the middle of the yard a tall metal slide that was hotter than Hades and as high as the sun.」
瞧!這邊是鞦韆,梯子,可以爬的架子,小自行車,鎚子,還有真的雞和鴨,你可以隨便追,那裡還有小兔子,也是真的哦,你可以去抱抱它們。這邊有小水池可以玩兒水。那裡還有滑輪,對,可以抓在上面滾動的滑輪。這裡有披風,你可以穿上假裝自己是超人或者吸血鬼。那邊有木頭可以搭建小房子。這裡有玩具娃娃,那邊還有隻船!真的小船,可以在上面畫畫,也可以在裡面假裝自己是海盜。當然還少不了沙堆,還有真的鏟子。還有吹泡泡的工具,不是電動的,當然不是電動的,要自己拿個管子,一個一個地吹哦!最後,你一進來就看到了,滑滑梯,當然不會少了滑滑梯。
上面的場景是作者第一天上幼兒園看到的。那天作者的老師Miss Mary為她打開了通向後院的門,她看到了眼前的遊樂場,簡直,驚呆了!這時,老師鬆開了她的小手,彎腰看著她的眼睛,對她說:「Go play.」 「去玩兒吧!」
Miss Mary的聲音一直到作者長大成人後還能在耳邊聽見:」Go play!「 。從那時起,她就默默知道,自己長大了也要做一位幼兒園老師,一個能讓孩子們玩兒夠,帶給他們無限快樂和一生美好回憶的老師。
作者確實成為了一名幼教老師,但二十多年的時光過去,太多太多都改變了。環境也好,科技也好,這些蛻變似乎還更好接受,但讓作者無法接受的是幼兒園的改變。她小時候的幼兒園哪裡去了?現在的孩子們不但要學這學那,甚至有些還要考試。而玩兒起來,更是小心翼翼,怕弄髒了這裡,怕摔壞了那裡。她多想做一個Miss Mary那樣的老師,但發現,除非她自己開一個幼兒園,否則當年的美好無法重現。於是,她就真的開了一個自己的幼兒園。
這本書,總結了作者二十多年幼教事業的精髓,而如果只用兩個字來總結,那麼就是當年Miss Mary在她耳邊輕聲說的:」Go play.」
我們似乎也都理解「玩兒」對孩子們的重要性,但也會多少覺得不放心,真就讓他們這麼玩兒到上學?
看完書我個人的理解是,當孩子在該玩兒的年紀充分地做了自己想做的事情,到了下一個階段就能更坦然地做大一點之後該做的事,而不是惦記著,眼饞著那些比自己小的孩子還在玩兒的遊戲和玩具。
這聽起來在理論上是成立的,在作者的實踐中也得到了證明。
作者講到,在自己幼兒園的孩子們到了四歲,四歲半,五歲的時候,會主動跑過來要求老師教他們認字。當她的這些孩子們升到了大班以後,過了幾個月大班的一些老師就打來了電話,問她,這些孩子們在你那兒時每天都幹什麼了?
「玩兒啊!」 作者說。
「玩兒?不可能,說真的,你們每天都幹嘛了?」
「真的就是玩兒啊!」
「那怎麼有的孩子居然會認字看書啊?」
「因為我們玩兒了啊!」
「你們買了哪家的課程安排啊?」
作者無奈地掛了電話。
作者一點都不吃驚自己的那些孩子們學習進行得非常順利。人們為什麼要好奇呢?這些孩子們真正得以做了小孩子。他們已經好好地玩兒了兩三年了,到了上學的年齡時,對那些還在玩兒「小兒科」遊戲的同學們說:「這些我都已經玩兒夠了!」 「Been there, done that!」
Of course they were doing well in school! Why did people seem so surprised? These children had been given the time to be children and to do the things that children do. They played! And by having spent years doing so, they went on to elementary school ready for more because their foundation was so strong!
Playing is the foundation that supports a child』s house of learning. The foundation is made up of all the things we had been making time for the children to do:creating, moving, singing, discussing, observing, and reading. Playing was the cement that held it all together.p. 36
作者說當她的學生們到了大班,和別的幼兒園的孩子們混在一起,她一眼就能看出哪些孩子是別的幼兒園的。因為那些新來的孩子們看到玩具都直流口水,而在她幼兒園帶大的孩子們都已經開始給對方講故事,問老師怎麼拼寫一些單詞了。難道是作者班上的孩子們都更聰明么?不是,答案很簡單,只是他們都玩兒夠了而已。那些橡皮泥,膠水,畫畫的顏料,你就是敞開了讓孩子們玩兒,難道還能一直玩兒到上大學么?玩兒夠了他們就不稀罕了。
I could walk into the pre-K room and identify INSTANTLY who the 「new kids」 were as opposed to the children who had grown up with us. How? For the most part, all the new children were up to their eyeballs in cornstarch, glue, play dough, and easel paint, while the children who had spent their childhoods with us were reading to each other, dictating stories, and asking the teachers how to spell certain words. Why? Were they gifted? Of course not. In essence, they』d been given ample time to do all of that other stuff. They still could and would, but they didn』t need it the way the new kids, who had not yet had enough of it, did.p. 189
在推送:小朋友們,到底是一種什麼樣的生物?中我們提到,我們要認識到3到6歲的小朋友們到底是怎樣的一種人類。作者提醒大家,很多時候不是孩子們不配合,是我們大人提出了實在不適合他們的要求。這本書中也舉出了很多例子。
比如,作者提到,孩子們要到快12歲才能開始有抽象思維。我們期待孩子們對一些概念,主題還有想法感興趣,但對他們來說,這些看不著,摸不到的「東西」意思並不大。
…children do not have the capability to think abstractly until they are almost twelve years old. Therefore, every time we expect children to be interested in things (concepts, themes, activities, or ideas) they cannot see, touch, taste, hear, or smell right here and right now, we are expecting something that is developmentally inappropriate.p. 49
別說抽象了,繪本故事童話故事也是要家長替孩子篩選的。最近桉桉對家裡一套成語故事的小人書萌生了很大的興趣,自己抓來讓我們給她念。我個人覺得對於三歲多的桉桉來說,給她講一講亡羊補牢,守株待兔還可以,但刻舟求劍,塞翁失馬還有草船借箭等等,要等她見識更多了才能理解。現在給她講了估計她聽進去的也是模模糊糊的一團信息。等哪天真的帶她去划船了,再比劃著給她講講刻舟求劍才是合理的。在「PLAY」這本書里,作者不斷強調,對孩子們來說,先有「物」,再有「名稱」;先有「體驗」,再有「語言表達」。
Children need experiences to attach words to.p. 53
如果孩子都沒有見過船,沒有感受到船在水中前行,怎麼能夠理解「刻舟」的徒勞呢?
如果你想讓孩子們腦子裡有內容,那麼就必須先讓他們手裡有東西。而讓他們手裡有東西,就必須讓他們先從心裡有興趣。所以,作者都是觀察不同孩子們天然的興趣來決定每天都提供哪些「道具」,都做些什麼。
If you want it in their heads, it must start in their hand. And if you want it in their hand, it must begin from the heart. This mean their interests are where planning and curriculum begins-not from an activity book.p. 51
我是覺得,給孩子講太多他們弄不明白的內容,會不會讓孩子們覺得自己很笨呢?因為腦子裡裝了過多自己不懂的內容。而如果她聽到看到了什麼,也能同時理解這些內容,讓接觸到的內容在他們腦海里是透明的清晰的,而不是模糊的,我想他們會更自信,有一種我學東西很自然很順暢的自信。
更何況在不恰當的時候讓孩子們提前學一些知識,結果往往會讓孩子們對這些學科生出反感。「硬塞下去的東西往往會被吐出來。」
In their book The Creative Spirit, Goleman, Kaufman, and Ray suggest that hothouse training regimes that force math, reading and writing before children have any real interest in doing these things are not only inappropriate, but often lead to an aversion of and to the subject being taught. In a fantastic keynote address, I heard Alfie Kohn remind teachers that 「when something is forced down our throats, it has nowhere to go but back up.」p. 127
說到「體驗在先」,作者一再強調觸摸對孩子們的重要性,這是孩子們認識世界的方式。我們為了安全,整潔還有衛生,總是呵斥孩子「別碰這個,那個也別動」,對孩子們來說,看到了不能碰,真是捉急啊!所以作者提到一句話:「如果你真想為孩子們做點什麼,給她一個她能隨意觸摸任何東西的環境吧。」
「If you want to do something good for a child…give him an environment where he can touch things as much as he wants.」
-Buckminster Fuller, Buckminster Fuller to Children of Earth
比如給孩子收拾出一個抽屜,把玩兒起來沒有危險的各種東西亂七八糟的放進去,孩子可以翻老半天肯定非常開心。桉桉在Grandma家時,如果老半天沒什麼她的聲音,不是在吃糖就是在翻抽屜,那真是,興趣盎然,孜孜不倦,刨啊刨,都要鑽進抽屜了。如果能翻出半管口紅或者眉筆什麼的,那真就是中了大獎樂開花啦!
看到這裡,大家可以感受到作者是個真正努力去理解孩子們的人。這一點對我很有觸動,提醒我,愛孩子,理解在先。我們需要刻意的把自己放到一個小人兒的位置上,去做和他們相關的事情。
比如,要理解孩子再聰明也畢竟就是個孩子。很多時候我會感嘆桉桉真聰明,但她到現在也搞不明白躲貓貓是怎麼個意思,邊躲邊大聲宣告「我在這裡呢你來找我吧!」 這種時候我會感嘆,幸好她只有三歲。我們需要不斷提醒自己孩子的年齡,理解他們應有的「弱智」和「神經病」,這些也正是他們為什麼那麼那麼的可愛!
想想看,為什麼要指望一個三歲的孩子理解「南轅北轍」呢?我敢說大部分大人都分不清東南西北。
大人對孩子們不合理的要求還有很多很多!比如要求孩子們「別亂動」。
作者指出,「很多大人對孩子們提出了不合理的要求,然後當孩子們學不進去弄不懂的時候,大人們要求變得更加嚴格。。。而你應該想到的是,為什麼要指望一個兩歲的孩子一直老老實實地坐在那裡呢?」
在美國「多動症」這個診斷結果並不稀奇,作者憤憤不平地寫到:「當孩子不能老實坐在那裡集中注意力的時候,我們總是匆忙下結論,寫處方,開藥,而我卻認為,問題或許根本不在孩子,而是要看一看,我們讓孩子們去注意的內容,到底值不值得這個年紀的孩子們努力坐下學呢?」
說實話,如果讓我坐下來學「會計學」,我不但會多動,我怕是會去撞牆。
We are quick to write a prescription and dispense medications when children are not sitting still and paying attention, but I propose that maybe the problem is not with the children but perhaps with the information she is being demanded to pay attention to. Is it even worth listening to and sitting still for?p. 89
總結來講,很多時候,問題不在孩子身上,而是在大人對孩子的期待上。如果我期待桉桉能很快學會10以內的加減法,那不但會出現很多她煩躁不安的時候,我恐怕也會開始認為自己孩子智商不行。而其實我一點都不擔心她上小學之後會不會算清楚,她肯定會很快學會的。在不適合的時候要求她做不適合他的事情,結果就會「兩敗俱傷」。
The problem is not with the child; the problem is with adult expectations of the child…It is wrong that we are expecting him to do it in the first place.p.91
關於「多動」作者又說,她個人經驗告訴他,當「多動」的孩子們擁有足夠的戶外玩耍時間後,他們回到室內後「癥狀」就消失啦!
My personal experience is that when these 「hyper」 children are offered adequate outdoor playtime in addition to meaningful and interesting experiences in their indoor environments, their symptoms disappear.p.95
為什麼「安靜點,坐下!」不適合呢?因為這一下子讓孩子們最重視的三大體驗「嘎然而止」:動,觸摸,說話。
A stern command to 「Sit down and be quiet!」 is quite inappropriate. Why? Because it brings three major experiences young children need-moving around, touching stuff, and talking-to a screeching halt.p. 115
要找到適合的對待孩子的方式,首先要努力了解孩子。了解除了觀察,還要交流。
作者提到,「如果你真的想跟孩子們有交流,先放下自己的種種假設,認真去聽孩子到底在說什麼。」
「If you want to have intelligent conversations with children, give your own assumptions a rest, put on your listening ears and hear what they child is really saying.」
- Jane Healy, How to Have Intelligent and Creative Conversations with Your Kids
「傾聽孩子的語言也需要練習。最重要的是要記住,你聽的不是孩子給你重複的什麼信息,而是她獨特的思考方式。」
「The more you practice listening to children, the more skilled you will become. The most important thing is to remember that you are listening for children』s unique thinking about the world, not for them to regurgitate facts to you.」
-Lisa Burman, Are you listening?
傾聽孩子可以讓你了解到孩子是否是願意表達的性格,他們對什麼感興趣,他們有什麼願望, 還有他們對事物的理解能力。
比如桉桉就一直表達自己是個大姐姐,即便和她玩兒的小朋友比她大,她也堅持自己是大姐姐,她甚至還想做我媽媽的媽媽。由此我看她應該不是小鳥依人的類型。聽她說話,讓我了解到這個階段她天天都想要的是帶絲帶的芭蕾舞鞋還有芭蕾舞蓬蓬裙,雖然她並不是那麼小鳥依人。
接下來說說閱讀。
讓孩子盡情的玩兒並不是不讓孩子們看書,這一點作者說得很清楚。但看什麼樣的書呢?
作者提倡給孩子們看一些顏色豐富,圖畫充滿細節,故事性強的的繪本,而不是說教類的。如果孩子們對一本書不是很興趣,完全可以換一本。目的不是把一本書讀完,而是享受閱讀的過程。
Provide books with lush, detailed pictures and a meaningful story line, not something designed to be preachy or teach. You want to find stories that promote questions and discussions immediately on page one…If the children don』t get involved, don』t ask questions, and don』t seem interested in the book being read, by all means put it down and pick a different one. There is no hard-and-fast rule that says you must finish a book just because you started it! Our goal is not 「to get to the end of the book!」 The purpose of reading is not solely to finish the book but also to enjoy great stories by great authors.p. 154
我帶的孩子是絕對不會缺書看的哈哈!桉桉從小就對書感興趣,其實,現在這麼多有趣的童書,不論大人還是孩子,想不感興趣都難啊!關於給孩子看書,我簡單地說幾點個人經驗。
首先,大人看書看的是字,孩子首先看的是畫和圖畫傳達的故事。不求他們一下弄懂什麼道理,也不求他們識字。能夠培養他們閱讀的興趣,讓他們從小感受到書是很有意思的東西就已經很好。
其次,現在的很多繪本畫得不要太美啊!完全就是各種風格的繪畫作品,我覺得不講故事,就看畫都足夠美好了!
孩子很小的時候當然是大人給孩子選擇買什麼書。但孩子到底喜歡什麼是需要家長去摸索的。切記孩子不同階段喜歡的書會不一樣。有一些我剛開始以為買虧了,桉不愛看的書丟在一邊,實際上是時候還未到。過了幾個月,過了一年,她很有可能就愛不釋手了。給孩子買書,也是需要摸索適合自己孩子的風格的。比如,現在我發現,桉桉對和芭蕾舞有關的書特別感興趣,她就愛看那些粉粉的裙子和綢緞面的舞鞋。同時,她對一切有重型機械的圖畫書也都超級感興趣。腦海中出現桉桉小朋友穿著芭蕾舞裙在投入地開著挖掘機~
作者不但提倡要給孩子們看書,還特別指出,「絕對不要在任何時候用閱讀和與其相關的方式作為對孩子的懲罰,這樣會讓孩子把閱讀和懲罰聯繫起來。更何況就算是大人在生氣的時候,也是無心讀書的。孩子表現不好時,大人最應該做的其實是好好摟著孩子,安靜的一起待一會兒。在學校,如果老師拿寫作業或者重複抄寫來懲罰孩子,那麼且不說這樣是否有助於孩子們反思自己的問題,更會讓孩子對學習產生厭惡。讓孩子抄寫一百遍唯一的結果就是讓孩子很痛恨學習和寫字。」
Never under any circumstances tell a child who might be in trouble to 「Go sit down and read a book」 or to 「Go sit in the book corner.」 True, the book corner might be a quiet area that is conducive to calming down, but in reality you are linking being in trouble with reading. It』s not a positive association. In addition, a child who is worked up and out of control is in no condition to sit independently and read a book. Can You concentrate on reading when you are mad, angry, or upset? Of course not! A better suggestion might be to go with this child to the rocking chair, and while holding him on your lap, spend some time together. Classrooms that use writing as punishment need to question the effectiveness of this practice too. Demanding children to write a sentence a hundred times or to write on the board what they will not do anymore does nothing but kill their desire to write anything. Please be mindful of not linking reading and writing to any form of punishment.p. 156
說了這麼多支持孩子玩兒的話,那孩子們到底應該怎樣「玩兒」呢?
其實也很簡單,作者總結了七點:create, move, sing, discuss, observe, read and play
創造,動,唱,討論,觀察,閱讀還有各種各樣的玩兒!
而其中的「玩兒」是建造孩子們學習地基的泥巴。先要地基堅實,今後的學習才能穩固。
「play」 is not a separate seventh thing within the foundation of children』s learning, but it is what holds everything together…Playing is the cement that holds the foundation together. When the foundation is strong, the house of higher learning, the house of 「academics」, as it were, can be built on top of it.p.165
關於玩兒,要強調幾點。
1. 時間充裕
玩兒是一個過程,不是一個匆忙去達到的結果。
作者說,「玩兒是需要時間的。。。20分鐘是遠遠不夠的!有些孩子光選擇要玩兒什麼就要花10分鐘呢!「
Time is necessary for meaningful play…Twenty minutes is not enough time for anything! It takes some children a good ten minutes just to choose what activity they want to do when they come to school each morning!p. 168
2.重複重複重複
孩子們在「重複」中成長,同時,他們也需要接觸新的,有趣的,豐富的經歷。好的學習計劃會給孩子們足夠的時間在現有的經歷中停留,重複,用他們的方式去弄明白自己經歷了什麼。
Children thrive on repetitionwhile at the same time they benefit from exposure to rich, meaningful, engaging experiences. Good programs provide children with enough time to wallow in experiences, figure things out, and think things through. Good programs hire teachers to serve as facilitators and extenders of the play.p. 174
3.專註
盡情的讓孩子們專註去做事情,不論那件事情看起來有多麼的無用。
「It may be more beneficial that a child should follow energetically some pursuit, of however trifling a nature, and thus acquire perseverance, that that he should be turned from it because of no further advantage to him.」
- Charles Darwin
看完這本書,我很踏實地體會到,我並不需要什麼科學數據了,因為,所有這些觀點都合情合理。我也在桉桉的成長中體會到作者觀點的道理。這次回到北京,基本上已經是初夏了,窩在室內一冬天的大人孩子們都冒出來了。看到桉桉和鄰居孩子們撒開花兒的各種玩耍,我很欣慰,這是她童年應有的樣子!
那句關於教育的名言說得好:「教育本來就不是往桶里灌水,而是點燃孩子們的興趣。我們的工作是讓這個火苗不斷燃燒。」
It is said that education is not the filling of a bucket but rather the lighting of a fire. It is our job to keep that fire during and to keep the flame alive. Use that fire and passion to create that strong foundation.p. 192
總之,關於孩子的教育,不要急。這是孩子們美好未來的根基,打地基怎麼能急呢?
We』re talking about the foundation that will be supporting them for the rest of their life! Why do we feel the need to hurry that up? We owe it to them to make it as strong as possible!Don』t rush it. Don』t hurry.p. 192
一座堅實的房子好過一棟又高又大但卻並不穩固的大樓,不是么?
A strong house is better than just a big and tall one, isn』t it?
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