英語寫作進階篇——如何正確的引用並標註參考文獻！
如何正確的引用並標註參考文獻!
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蔡依林
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英語學位論文引用別人的觀點、方法、言論必須註明出處，註明出處時應該使用括弧夾注的方法，一般不使用腳註或者章節附註。關於夾注，採用APA格式。
1.引用整篇文獻的觀點
引用整篇文獻（即全書或全文）觀點時有兩種情況。
1.1作者的姓氏在正文中沒有出現
Charlotte and Emily Bronte were polar opposites,not only in their personalities but in their sources of inspiration for writing(Taylor,1990).
1.2作者的姓氏已在正文同一句中出現
Taylor claims that Charlotte and Emily Bronte were polar opposites,not only in their personalities but in their sources of inspiration for writing(1990).
1.3如果作者的姓氏和文獻出版年份均已在正文同一句中出現，按APA的規範不需使用括弧夾注
In a 1990 article,Taylor claims that Charlotte and Emily Bronte were polar opposites,not only in their personalities but in their sources of inspiration for writing.
1.4在英文撰寫的論文中引用中文著作或者期刊，括弧夾注中只需用漢語拼音標明作者的姓氏，不得使用漢字，如：(Zhang,2005)
2.引用文獻中具體觀點或文字
引用文獻中某一具體觀點或文字時必須註明該觀點或者該段文字出現的頁碼出版年份，沒有頁碼是文獻引用不規範的表現。
2.1引用一個作者文獻
（1）引用內容在一頁內
Emily Bronte「expressed increasing hostility for the world of human relationships,whether sexual or social」(Taylor,1988,p.11).
（2）引用內容在多頁上
Newmark(1988,pp.39-40)notes three characteristically expressive text-types:(a)serious imaginative literature(e.g.lyrical poetry);(b)authoritative statements(political speeches and documents,statutes and legal documents,philosophical and academic works by acknowledged authorities);(c)autobiography,essays,personal correspondence(when these are personal effusions).
注意在這些例子中引文超過一頁時的頁碼標記方法：APA的規範是(1988,pp.39-40)。
假若作者的姓氏已在正文同一句中出現，則不需要在括弧夾注中重複，如：
Taylor writes that Emily Bronte「expressed increasing hostility for the world of human relationships,whether sexual or social」(1988,p.11).
2.2引用多位作者寫作的同一文獻
（1）兩位作者（使用&符號連接）
Research(Yamada&Matsuura,1982)reports the poor performance of advanced English learners who could use English articles correctly only in 70 percent of the cases.
（2）三位作者
第一次引用：
According to educational psychologists,raising children is a responsibility of the entire community(Franklin,Childs,&Smith,1995).
以後的引用：
To be successful,「communities must be willing to take this responsibility」(Franklin et al.,1995,p.135).
(3)三位作者以上
Patterns of byzantine intrigue have long plagued the internal politics of community college administration in Texas(Douglas et al.,2003)
3.引用同樣姓氏的不同作者文獻
假若兩個或兩個以上的作者有同樣的姓氏，則括弧夾注中應同時使用他們名字的首字母，如：
Well-established SLA researchers(R.Ellis,2002)seem rather skeptical of the assertion that repetition alone explains the development of the knowledge of a second language(N.Ellis,2002).
引用中文著作或期刊時同姓作者的情況較多，應在括弧夾注中使用他們名字的首字母加以區分，如：
(W.Y.Wang,2003)(L.F.Wang,2003,p.213)
4.引用團體作者文獻
引用團體作者的作品，括弧夾注中應使用團體的名稱，如：
Retired officers retain access to all of the university"s educational and recreational facilities(Columbia University,1987,p.54).
5.引用無作者文獻
引用無作者文獻，如果文獻標題沒有出現在正文里，則括弧夾注中應使用該標題或者（如果標題過長的話）使用該標題中的關鍵片語，如：
An anonymous Wordsworth critic once argued that his poems were too emotional(「Wordsworth Is A Loser,」2002).
在使用關鍵片語時應該選擇標題開始部分的片語。
在APA的規範，獨立出版物的標題或者標題中的關鍵片語用斜體標出，出版物內含的作品的名稱以及未出版的作品（講演、論文等）的標題或者標題中的關鍵片語用引號標出。
6.引用書信、談話中的觀點或文字
書信和談話（含電子郵件、訪談、電話等）無法在正文後面的參考文獻中列出，但應該在正文中使用括弧夾注的方法註明出處。例如：
(1)Mira Ariel(e-mail,April 17,2004)confirmed that accessibility marking played a crucial role in discourse organization.
(2)Researchers may observe that Chinese English majors with no overseas experience often have a better command of English than American foreign language majors with no overseas experience have of the language they study(Eugene Nida,personal communication,November 8,1986).
7.引用同一作者的多篇文獻
7.1中文文獻
按APA規範，同一作者的不同文獻可用出版年份來區別，如：
(Zhang,1997)(Zhang,1999)(Zhang,2004)
括弧夾注還可以表示同一作者的多篇文獻，文獻按發表次序排列，如：
(Zhang,1997,1999,2004)
7.2英文文獻
Halliday(1985,1994)argues that a language is a meaning-making system and that it is a semantic system rather than a formal system.
同一年份發表的文獻應對年份另加字母，以示區別（正文後參考文獻著錄中相應的條目里的年份應加同樣的字母），如：
(Bloom,2003a,2003b)
8.同時引用不同作者的多篇文獻
括弧夾注可以包括不同作者的多篇文獻，文獻按作者姓氏的字母順序排列（注意分號的使用），如：
Distance from health care providers,lack of transportation,lack of health care providers,lack of information about the disease and various treatment options,poverty and social isolation due to geography are all factors which affect treatment decisions of rural clients(Brown,2001;Sullivan,Weinert&Fulton,1993;Weinert&Burman,1994).
9.引用非直接文獻
論文應儘可能避免使用非直接文獻（即二級文獻secondary source），但在無法找到直接文獻（即一級文獻primary source）的情況下，引文可以從非直接文獻中析出，例如：
(1)Grayson(as cited in Murzynski&Degelman,1996,p.135)identified four components of body language that were related to judgments of vulnerability.
(2)One researcher(Grayson,as cited in Murzynski&Degelman,1996,p.135)identified four components of body language that were related to judgments of vulnerability.
引用非直接文獻以後，在正文後參考文獻著錄中只需列入該非直接文獻的條目（即上述實例中的「「Murzynski&Degelman,1996」）。
10.來自互聯網文獻
At the inaugural lecture to mark the official launch of the Halliday Centre of Intelligent Applications of Language Studies(HCLS)at City University of Hong Kong on 26 March,Halliday reiterated that his theory of language「emphasizes the social accountability of language,i.e.that language is rooted in social meaning and is a resource of communication,rather than a set of rules」(http://www6.cityu.edu.hk/puo/CityUMember/Story/Story.aspx?id=20060323123404).
寄語：
