作為建築師的你是否聽說這8種環保材料？

建築師需要了解的8種可降解材料

8 Biodegradable Materials the Construction Industry Needs to Know About

在建築設計中，我們常常著迷於創新，因此我們常常忽視在建築全壽命周期結束時，這些建築會產生什麼改變與影響。我們也許希望自己設計的建築能夠永久流傳，但是現實卻並非如此，那麼這些建築拆除之後的廢棄物都流向何方呢？

其實，建築垃圾與大多數不可回收的廢物一樣，垃圾填埋場是它們的最終歸宿，但是長此以來，可用於垃圾填埋的土地越來越少，因此我們必須找到另一種替代方式。在英國，每年產生的建築廢物大約有7000萬噸到1.05億噸，卡迪夫大學的一項研究顯示，其中只有大約20%的建築垃圾可通過生物降解。因此，最好的方法也許是通過設計的方式及材料的巧妙運用，最大限度地降低材料的浪費，從而為建築的全壽命周期做出貢獻。

In architecture we are so caught up in creating something new, we often forget about what happens at the end of a building』s life cycle—the unfortunate, inevitable demolition. We may want our buildings to be timeless and live on forever, but the harsh reality is that they do not, so where is all the waste expected to go?

As with most non-recyclable waste, it ends up in the landfill and, as the land required for landfill becomes an increasingly scarce resource, we must find an alternative solution. Each year in the UK alone, 70–105 million tonnes of waste is created from demolishing buildings, and only 20% of that is biodegradable according to a study by Cardiff University. With clever design and a better awareness of the biodegradable materials available in construction, it』s up to us as architects to make the right decisions for the entirety of a building』s lifetime.

Adria Goula

軟木

軟木材料較為容易降解，因此我們可以充分利用其這一優點。軟木材料的產生就來自於再生過程，所以對其進行利用並不會對林地造成太多影響，因為在幾十年之後，它又能得以再生。另外，軟木材料還有許多特性，例如阻燃、隔音、防水等等，這種材料不僅適用於室內空間，它也同樣適用於室外場所。

Cork

Cork is something of a superfood of construction materials, so much so that we"ve written a whole feature on it. The harvesting of cork is a completely renewable process that causes no harm to the tree and naturally regrows after ten years. It also boasts many desirable properties as a fire retardant, acoustic insulator and is extremely waterproof. Its adaptive qualities have seen it being used both for internal and external purposes.

Alberto Cosi

竹子

這種材料在近年來大熱，由於其獨特的美學特徵和可持續性，竹製項目常常廣為流傳。如果你想知道其流行原因，那也許是其生長速度，竹子能夠在一天內生長4英寸（約10厘米），並且能夠再生，甚至其還擁有堪比鋼鐵的剛度。

Bamboo

Perhaps one of the biggest architectural crazes within the last few years, countless bamboo projects have been shared across the internet thanks to the material"s aesthetic qualities, but more so for its sustainable credentials. If you needed a little reminder about why it has become so popular, bamboo can grow up to four feet a day, regrows after harvesting and is two to three times stronger than steel.

Image Finite

沙漠砂石

最近，倫敦帝國理工學院的學生Carolyn Tam、Hamza Oza、Matteo Maccario、Saki Maruyama對這種材質進行了研發，其名為「Finite」，這是一種能夠與混凝土相媲美的複合材料，但其主要運用的是廢棄的大漠砂石，而非傳統建築中運用的白沙，因為這種白沙在當前已經絕跡。這種材料同樣可進行生物降解，並且具有可持續性的特徵，比起混凝土更為神奇的是，「Finite」中所運用的粘接劑不僅易於分解，還可以經過回收重新利用，從而減少原始材料的損耗。

Desert Sand

Recently developed by students Carolyn Tam, Hamza Oza, Matteo Maccario and Saki Maruyama at the Imperial College London, Finite is a composite material comparable to concrete that uses abundant desert sand rather than the fine white sand usually used in construction (and which is now running out). It makes for a biodegradable material that at the same time is saving the world from the next sustainability crisis. Unlike concrete that can』t biodegrade, Finite』s organic binders allow it not only to be left to decompose but it can also be collected and reused for multiple life-cycles, reducing material consumption.

Dietmar Fiechtinger Architectes

油氈

你也許會感到驚訝，因為地面的覆蓋物比起自身更為環保。油氈並不需要使用含有氯化石油化工產品的混合物，它能夠通過純天然材料製作而成，即亞麻子油、天然樹脂、軟木粉、木屑和石灰石粉，因此由油氈製作的地面也可進行生物降解，並且這種材質自身也能作為清潔能源。

Linoleum

Surprisingly, the floor covering is a lot more eco-friendly than it might appear. Not to be confused with vinyl that contains a synthetic mix of chlorinated petrochemicals, linoleum is made entirely from natural materials—linseed oil, natural resin, ground cork dust, wood flour, and powdered limestone—resulting in a floor choice that is both biodegradable and can be incinerated to provide a relatively clean source of energy.

Iwan Baan

生物塑料（大豆）

越來越多的塑料製品被遺棄在河流與海洋之中，因此我們必須減少塑料的浪費，同時找到更加環保的替代物品。生物塑料的分解速度相較合成塑料更快一些，其分解速度甚至與紙張能夠相提並論，另外還能夠產生生物能量。其中的重要成分是大豆粘合劑，這樣能夠減少二氧化碳的排放和甲醛的使用，同時在生產過程中並不需要高溫。只是就目前來說，大豆生物塑料僅限於一次性食品容器和垃圾袋的使用，但是隨著技術的發展，這種材料在未來建築中的應用會越來越廣泛。

Bioplastics (Soybean)

As plastic accumulates in our oceans and rivers, it has become imperative that we both reduce our consumption and find cleaner, biodegradable alternatives. Bioplastics break down much faster than synthetic plastic—at the same rate as paper does—and produces biomass. One of the main ingredients used is a soy-based adhesive that helps to reduce carbon dioxide emissions and the use of the carcinogenic pollutant formaldehyde, while also requiring significantly lower temperatures during production. Although so far soy bioplastics have been limited to disposable food containers and bin bags, with more research, there is certainly potential for biodegradable plastics to be seen in the future of construction.

Ilya Ivanov

運用土豆澱粉的中密度纖維板（MDF）

上文已經提及過，甲醛的使用極具爭議，長久以來，因甲醛而導致的健康問題層出不窮。但是在傳統中密度纖維板（MDF）中使用的主要粘合劑是化學物質，這種物質並不能回收，所以如果在傢具或建築中運用較多的MDF材質，那麼這些製品將無法得到回收，最終也只能進行垃圾填埋或者焚化。那麼為了解決這一問題，萊斯特大學的研究者們則發明了一種全新的中密度纖維板，其中使用了來源於土豆澱粉的樹脂，它能夠完美地代替甲醛。

Medium Density Fibreboard (MDF) That Uses Potato Starch

As mentioned above, formaldehyde is a controversial material that has raised many questions over the years regarding its effects on both health and the environment. As MDF』s primary bonding adhesive uses the chemical, it cannot be recycled and the huge amount of MDF used in shop displays and furniture ends up in either landfill or the incinerator. To tackle the problem, new forms of medium density fibreboard have been studied by the University of Leicester that substitute the formaldehyde with a resin derived from potato starch.

Courtesy of FSC Denmark

木材

這種材質也許無法給你更多啟發，因為木材的來源有限，但木材確實能夠進行生物降解，同時也是可再生材料。然而，在運用於建築之中時，木材需要經過分解，當建築拆除之後，填埋之前，木材也需要經過特殊處理，但這個過程並非必要。

Timber

It may not be a complete revelation to you, but timber is of course biodegradable and a renewable material as long as it is sourced sustainably. However, when used in construction, the timber treatment must be factored in, as much of it can end up as "special waste" that requires extra treatment before heading to landfill—an unnecessary process that can be prevented.

Cecil Barnes V

菌絲體

近期，關於一些奇特材質的研究愈發多了起來，菌絲的運用也逐漸普遍，但其使用範圍仍然僅限於一些臨時展館與裝置。菌絲是真菌的營養成分，由成千上萬孢子產生的組織纖維組成，經過乾燥之，它會成為一種非常強大的材料。真菌可以通過黴菌與農業廢物結合而成，然後將其用於製造有機磚，這種材質在使用之後能夠進行很好的分解，從而回歸碳循環。

Mycelium

Following recent projects that have explored the wonders of this curious material, mycelium has risen in popularity, although its use is so far still limited to temporary pavilions or installations. Mycelium is the vegetative part of the fungus, made up of hundreds of interwoven fibers produced by the spores which makes it an incredibly strong material when dried. If combined with farm waste in molds, the fungus culture forms organic bricks that can be used in construction that afterward decompose and return to the carbon cycle.

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