作為「人類命運共同體」的上合組織 SCO：A Tighter Community

文/龐中英

By Pang Zhongying

在2017年10月發布的中共十九大報告和2018年3月第十三屆全國人民代表大會第一次會議通過的《中華人民共和國憲法修正案》中，「推動構建人類命運共同體」被明確提出為中國外交的中心目標和任務之一。

Promoting construction of a community with a shared future for humanity was identified as a key goal and task of China』s diplomacy in both the report to the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China (CPC) in October 2017 and the Amendment to the Constitution of the People』s Republic of China passed at the first session of the 13th National People』s Congress in March 2018.

作為目前的輪值主席國，中國將於6月9-10日在山東省青島市舉行上合組織擴大後的首次峰會。2017年，印度和巴基斯坦兩國正式加入上合組織，擴員後的上合組織進入了新的發展階段。把上合組織與「人類命運共同體」聯繫在一起意義重大。上合組織推崇「上海精神」，其核心內涵之一就是包容與開放。新的上海合作組織正在加強多邊合作，中國也努力爭取上合組織其他成員「支持推動構建人類命運共同體」。

The rotating presidency of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) currently rests with China, who will host the first SCO summit since the organization was expanded last year in Qingdao, a coastal city in the eastern province of Shandong. The addition of India and Pakistan to the SCO in 2017 marked a new chapter for the regional multilateral organization. It is meaningful to link the SCO to the goal of building a community with a shared future for humanity. As an underlying principle forged by the SCO, the Shanghai Spirit calls for inclusiveness and openness. The enlarged SCO is striving to enhance multilateral cooperation, and China expects support from other SCO member states in building a community of shared future for humanity.

2018 年 5 月 3 日，在位於青島的中國石油大學（華東）學習的俄羅斯留學生扎克（右）和扎伊爾兄妹倆用漢語和母語寫下「你好，上合」「你好，青島」。

在上合組織與「人類命運共同體」的關係上，外界應避免一些不必要的誤解：

In terms of the relationship between the SCO and the concept of building a 「community with a shared future for humanity,」 some misconceptions should be avoided.

首先，中國提出「人類命運共同體」的概念，並不意味著要把這個概念強加給其他成員國，也不意味著中國外交政策的指導思想發生了根本性改變。可以說，在延續中國以往外交政策原則的基礎上，中國外交政策變得更加積極進取。中國仍然奉行「不結盟」，但是中國追求「結伴」，也即夥伴關係，甚至是「戰略性夥伴」；中國仍然奉行「不干涉（別國內政）」，但中國嘗試「建設性地介入」；中國仍然明確「不稱霸」，但是，與冷戰剛結束時中國的「不帶頭」不同，不帶頭並不意味著中國在國際事務中不發揮「國際領導」作用。

First, just because China first presented the idea of building a community with a shared future for humanity doesn』t mean it intends to impose the concept on other SCO member states, nor did it cause a fundamental change in the guidelines of China』s foreign policy. While maintaining its previous diplomatic principles, China is becoming more active and enterprising in international affairs. Nevertheless, it still insists on developing state-to-state relations with partnerships or even strategic partnership rather than alliances. China will never interfere in the internal affairs of other countries, but only contribute through 「constructive involvement.」 Although China will never seek hegemony, it may still play a leading role in international affairs, abandoning the 「never take the lead」 principle that the country adopted just after the end of the Cold War.

第二，「人類命運共同體」並不意味著中國試圖推動上合組織變成一種與現有世界秩序不同的替代性的世界秩序。對待現有世界秩序，中國的態度是明確的，那就是，中國是現有世界秩序的一部分，是現有世界秩序的維護者，也是現有世界秩序的改革者。現有世界秩序不是「美國的世界秩序」，或者說「美國治下的和平」，而是聯合國及其體系以及其他政府間國際組織（尤其是國際金融組織和多邊貿易體制）代表的世界秩序。這一秩序儘管並不完美，存在許多重大問題，例如其公正性（包括代表性）、合理性（包括效率）等仍然有待改進，但卻是到目前為止人類歷史上最為開放、包容、進步、自由的世界秩序。

Second, building a community with a shared future for humanity doesn』t mean that China is attempting to use the SCO to forge a new order to replace the current world order. China』s attitude toward the current world order is clear: As part of the world order, China is a protector and reformer. The current world order doesn』t belong to the U.S. nor does it involve 「peace under the rule of the U.S.,」 but is represented by the United Nations and its system as well as other intergovernmental organizations, especially international financial institutions and multilateral trade mechanisms. Despite the fact that the system remains imperfect and has some major defects in terms of equality, representation, fairness and efficiency, the current world order still has the greatest degree of openness, inclusiveness, progress and freedom in human history.

2017年6月9日，上海合作組織成員國領導人在阿斯塔納世博會開幕式合影。

第三，簡要地說，「人類命運共同體」就是全球治理的實現。全球治理是國際社會的集體行動，是依據多邊主義基本原則進行的國際合作。這也是中國提出「人類命運共同體」的本意。在當下的全球治理中，中國的作用不可或缺。冷戰結束後，人類為解決共同挑戰推動構建了多種國際平台和機制，上合組織就是其中之一。

Third, building a community with a shared future for humanity, simply speaking, embodies the realization of global governance. Global governance requires joint efforts from the international community as well as international cooperation based on multilateralism. This is the fundamental reason China proposed building a community with a shared future for humanity. Currently, China is playing an important role in global governance. Since the end of the Cold War, multiple international platforms and mechanisms have been established to address common challenges faced by humankind, and the SCO is one of them.

如果把「人類命運共同體」一詞拆分為三個概念：「人類」「命運」和「共同體」，那麼，我們就可以更好地回答以下三個問題：上海合作組織是什麼「人類命運共同體」？上海合作組織為什麼是「人類命運共同體」？上海合作組織如何是「人類命運共同體」？

The concept of a 「community with a shared future for humanity」 consists of three key components: 「community,」 「shared future」 and 「for humanity.」 By dissecting the phrase, we can better answer the following questions: What kind of community of shared future for humanity is the SCO? Why is the SCO a community with a shared future for humanity, and how should it perform as one?

首先，「人類」說明上合組織以人為中心，以人為本。自由的世界秩序就是以人為中心，但強調「人類」並非要忽略「人類」之間的差異性。「人類」目前分成眾多國家，即眾多單一的共同體，這些國家又組成了眾多國際組織，包括地區組織和地區間組織。從地理意義來說，上合組織實際上是一個跨地區間組織。這一地區間組織也可以理解為一個新的地區組織，因為上合組織本身可以看作為一個新的「地區」。

First, 「for humanity」 means the SCO is people-centered. A free world order must be people-oriented. However, this doesn』t mean it should ignore differences between different people. Presently, humanity is a community of many individual nations which comprise many international organizations, including regional and interregional ones. Geographically, the SCO is a trans-regional organization, representing a new type of regional organization. In this sense, the SCO itself can be seen as a new 「region.」

其次，上合組織內部各國、各個社會、各民族之間在「命運」上具有「相互依存性」。上合組織是冷戰結束後全球化的產物，是全球化的相互依存的世界中的一個集體行動者。「相互依存」早在19世紀的歐洲就已基本實現。但是，直到20世紀後期，人們才對「相互依存」有了系統化的科學認識，比如美國政治科學家羅伯特·基歐漢和約瑟夫·奈在20世紀70年代都從權力的角度研究了「相互依存」。上合組織為人類之間的「相互依存」提供了又一個重要案例。

Second, SCO member states, as well as their societies and peoples, are interdependent, with a 「shared future.」 A result of globalization after the end of the Cold War, the SCO is a group of doers in the world in a region where all countries depend on each other. Interdependence between countries was already a reality in Europe by the 19th century, but not until the second half of the 20th century did humans develop systematic knowledge about such interdependency. In the 1970s, American political scientists Robert Keohane and Joseph Nye both discussed 「interdependence」 from the angle of power. The SCO sets another important example for interdependence between countries and peoples.

2014年12月14日，哈薩克首都阿斯塔納的北京大廈前飄揚著上海合作組織成員國國旗。

此外，上合組織是新型的地區共同體。雖然從起源、宗旨、構成、機構、優先任務等角度看，上合組織與歐盟、非盟、東盟等共同體差異非常大，但如果從地區共同體這個維度考量的話，又具有類似性。

Finally, the SCO is a new type of regional community. It sharply contrasts other regional organizations such as the European Union (EU), the African Union and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations in terms of origin, aim, structure, institution and priorities, but at the same time shares some similarities with them from the perspective of regional community.

過去17年里，上合組織主要以「安全合作」為主，形成了「合作安全」機制。這表明，上合組織已經是一種安全共同體。這一安全共同體與以美國霸權為基礎的北約不同，與擁有「共同安全政策」的歐盟不同，是新型的安全共同體。

Over the past 17 years since its inception, the SCO has focused on security cooperation, forging an effective cooperative mechanism in the field. The SCO has emerged as a security community. Unlike either NATO based on U.S. hegemony or the EU with common security policy, it is a new type of security community.

到底如何看待上合組織作為安全共同體？我認為，上合組織是一種地區協和體系，即一些大國（例如俄羅斯、中國，現在加上了印度）主導的、有眾多（至少若干個）其他國家（如中亞國家，現在又有了南亞和中東國家）參加的一種國際會議體系。尤其在印度和巴基斯坦加入上合後，上合組織的地區協和體系的本質就更加明顯。

What is the nature of the SCO as a security community? In my opinion, the SCO represents a regional collaboration mechanism—an international congress system led by major countries such as Russia, China and India and featuring participation from many other smaller nations in Central Asia, South Asia and the Middle East. In particular, the admission of India and Pakistan to the SCO consolidated its nature as a regional collaboration mechanism.

在中國，人們不熟悉「協和」體系，卻熟悉「協調」，有時把「協和」誤認為是「協調」。實際上，「協和」要遠比「協調」複雜、困難；對世界和平，協和更有效，尤其是有長效。歷史上首創的和最成功的國際協和是歐洲協和體系。19世紀著名的歐洲「百年和平」正是因為這一體系。歐洲協和體系的主要方法是歐洲會議體系，甚至曾有思想家把歐洲協和體系提升到「19世紀的文明」的高度，比如卡爾·波蘭尼的《大轉變：我們時代的政治經濟的起源》一書中就對此做了深刻的闡述。

Some often confuse 「collaboration」 with 「coordination.」 In fact, 「collaboration」 is far more complicated than 「coordination」 and can exert longterm effects on world peace. The first and most successful international collaboration system so far has been the Concert of Europe, which was the primary driver of a 「Century of Peace」 in 19th-century Europe. The essential component of the system was a European congress system, which was even acclaimed by some as a 「civilizational achievement of the 19th century.」 Austro-Hungarian economic historian and sociologist Karl Polanyi elaborated on the topic in his book The Great Transformation: The Political and Economic Origins of Our Time.

二戰後，在全球層次上治理戰爭的聯合國和在地區層次上預防戰爭的歐共體是比19世紀歐洲協和體系更具有現代意義的國際協和體系。第二次世界大戰結束後，歐盟在歐共體的基礎上逐步形成。雖然與19世紀的歐洲協和體系不同，但歐盟仍然繼承了歐洲協和體系的本質。歐盟用和平取代了戰爭，用團結取代了仇恨，先賢夢想的「永久和平」在歐盟框架下終於實現，歐盟也在2012年獲得了諾貝爾和平獎。

After the end of World War II, the United Nations, with an aim to eliminate wars globally, and the European Community that eyed preventing wars regionally, were founded and quickly became international collaboration systems that made the Concert of Europe obsolete. Then, the EU was formed on the basis of the European Community. It still inherited the nature of its predecessor: replacing war with peace and hostility with solidarity. The longheld dream of 「lasting peace」 in Europe eventually arrived under the framework of the EU. For this reason, the EU was awarded the 2012 Nobel Peace Prize.

隨著全球治理研究成為國際關係研究的焦點，有國際關係學者認為昨天的歐洲協和體系正是今天的全球治理在19世紀的「起源」。上海合作組織成員國的擴大不僅代表著該組織的可持續性，而且代表著該組織更趨複雜。值得注意的是，擴大後的上合組織，其內部的衝突或者不穩定因素也在增加。印度和巴基斯坦的衝突在持續；美軍仍然在阿富汗；僅次於朝核問題的全球核不擴散問題是伊核問題，美國和伊朗的長期衝突仍然沒有根本解決方案。有學者認為，當年的歐洲協和體系對21世紀的全球和平仍然是極其有價值的，應該成為21世紀治理戰爭（包括預防衝突）的全球治理的理論。

As global governance becomes a major topic in the research of international relations, some scholars argue that the Concert of Europe marked the origin of global governance in the 19th century. The expansion of SCO membership testifies to a boost in the organization』s sustainability and complexity. It is noteworthy that the enlarged SCO is also facing increasing internal conflict and instability. For instance, conflict between India and Pakistan remains, the U.S. army has yet to completely retreat from Afghanistan, the Iranian nuclear issue is one of the severest threats to global nuclear nonproliferation (second only to the Korean Peninsula nuclear crisis in terms of severity) and the world is still grasping for a fundamental solution to the long-term standoff between Iran and the U.S. In this context, some scholars believe that the legacy of the Concert of Europe should remain inspiring for the promotion of world peace in the 21st century, as a theory on global governance to avoid war and prevent conflict.

2018年6月1日，由國務院新聞辦公室主辦的上海合作組織首屆媒體峰會在北京開幕。中共中央政治局委員、中宣部部長黃坤明在開幕式上宣讀習近平主席賀信並發表主旨演講。

進一步來看，一度被忽視的上合組織也增加了人們不得不重視的新議題，例如海洋國際問題。中國倡議推動的「一帶一路」相當於把上合組織中的陸海問題結合了起來。在青島這座中國的世界海洋城市舉辦上合組織峰會，也將提醒人們海洋議題在上合組織協和中的重要性。

The SCO, whose role was once ignored, has also introduced new topics that demand attention such as international maritime issues. The China-proposed Belt and Road Initiative integrates land and maritime issues concerning the SCO. Holding the SCO summit in the coastal city of Qingdao is intended to remind people of the importance of maritime issues in the SCO collaboration mechanism.

最後，作為「共同體」的上合組織必須是經濟共同體，甚至是社會共同體。在經濟合作方面，上合組織有待加強。只有走向經濟共同體，上合組織才更加名副其實，因為畢竟經濟是各國發展的基礎。在非政府組織和其他社會方面，上合組織也有一系列的合作，例如，定期舉行的「上合組織人民論壇」，公共政策方面的智庫論壇，以及教育、科學、文化、衛生、體育等方面的合作，都在推動上合組織走向社會共同體。

In addition, the SCO should serve as both an economic and social community. It still needs to do better at enhancing economic cooperation. The SCO will become a stronger organization when it becomes a real economic community. After all, economic growth is the foundation of development for all countries. SCO member states have also carried out cooperation in the exchange of nongovernmental organizations and on other social issues. For instance, these countries regularly participate in the SCO People』s Forum and think tank forums on public policy and engage in cooperation in areas like education, science, culture, health and sports. All of these are pushing the SCO towards a social community.

站在新起點上的上合組織需要再定義自身。輪值主席國的中國為上合組織提供了一個新定義：上海合作組織作為「人類命運共同體」，也即地區協和體系的安全共同體、經濟合作共同體，甚至是社會合作共同體。

Positioned at a new starting point, the SCO needs to redefine itself. With the organization』s rotating chair-manship this year, China has provided a new definition for the SCO: a community with a shared future for humanity—namely, a regional community of common security, economic collaboration and social cooperation.

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本文作者龐中英為中國海洋大學國際關係學特聘教授、海洋發展研究院院長、全球治理研究中心主任，兼國觀智庫學術委員會執行主任、澳門科技大學博士生導師。

The author is a distinguished scholar of international relations at the Ocean University of China, president of the Institute of Marine Development, director of the Global Governance Research Center, executive chairman of the Academic Committee of Grandview Institution and a doctoral tutor at Macao University of Science and Technology.

本文為《中印對話》獨家稿件，歡迎分享，媒體轉載請聯繫我們。

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