日本國家自然科學博物館中的「治癒的藝術」The Art of Healing
中國早期對五臟六腑的描繪，和18世紀日本製作的木偶。（來自日本《FOCUS》雜誌）
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Early Chinese depictions of the five viscera and six entrails, like the example at left, had less to do with anatomical accuracy than with illustrating prevailing beliefs about energy flow. Dolls like the 18th-century one at right, believed to be the only one extant, were produced in Japan in response to European anatomical texts that revealed new insights to the body"s workings. They were displayed at apothecary shops and otherwise used to educate and awe Edo-period citizenry. Medical collection, National Museum of Nature and Science, Tokyo
中國早期對五臟六腑的描繪，如左圖所示，與其說是與解剖的準確性有關，不如說是與對能量的認知有關。像右圖，據信是現存的18世紀的在日本製作的唯一玩偶，是為了回應歐洲解剖學文獻發展，這些文獻揭示了對日本大眾對人體運作的新見解。它們被陳列在藥店里，也被用來教育和敬畏那個時代的市民。這是在東京國家自然與科學博物館的醫學收藏。
Historical surgical implements, wooden dentures, medical texts, centuries-old bone fragments, and gorily detailed hand-drawn illustrations of cadaver dissections are not often the stuff of an Artscape review, but then again the show now running through June 15 at the National Museum of Nature and Science in Ueno is no typical art exhibition. It traces the evolution of medicine as practiced in Japan since the Edo period (1603-1867), when the country"s first human autopsies were performed and the translation into Japanese of a Dutch anatomical text triggered intense interest in the study of Western sciences.
歷史上的外科器械、木質假牙、醫學文獻、數百年前的骨頭碎片和粗糙細緻的手工繪製的屍體解剖圖通常都不是藝術評論家的素材，但現在在國家自然與科學博物館(National Museum of Nature and Science)持續到6月15日的展覽，也並不是典型的藝術學展覽。本期展覽追溯了日本江戶時代(1603-1867)以來醫學的演變，當時日本進行了第一次人體解剖，並將一篇荷蘭解剖學文本譯成日語，引發了人們對西方科學研究的濃厚興趣。
Mitsukuni Defying the Skeleton Specter Invoked by Princess Takiyasha by ukiyo-e master Utagawa Kuniyoshi is a celebrated 1845 triptych of a 10th-century legend. Its portrayal of a human skeleton in precise and eye-popping detail drew upon anatomical studies that had become widely popular in Edo as knowledge of the new science spread.
1845年，一尊10世紀傳奇人物的作品，由浮世繪大師宇多川邦吉所引用的《挑戰骷髏幽靈》。它對人類骨骼的精確和令人驚嘆的細節的描繪借鑒了在江戶作為新科學知識傳播的廣泛流行與傳播的解剖學研究。
Some museumgoers will be hard put to catch the curators" message, as the promotional materials and display captions are presented only in Japanese. Entitled I wa jin-jutsu (Medicine: The Healer"s Art), the exhibition takes as it keyword the Confucian ideal of ren (or jin as it"s pronounced in Japanese). Written with an ideograph that shows man linked with heaven and earth, it means virtue, benevolence, reverence for life. Confucius himself explained it quite simply: "to love others." So this is a show about "humanistic medicine," or what is also known as integrative medicine -- the art of treating the whole person, with an appropriate mix of conventional and alternative approaches. The claim is that Japanese physicians have been exceptionally primed for this as far back as the Edo days, thanks to their service-oriented mindset, their familiarity with Chinese herbal, bodywork, and acupuncture therapies, and their readiness to absorb and adapt Western knowledge. In Edo, this last element came through interactions with the Dutch, the only window on the Western world allowed by the shogunate authorities.
一些參觀博物館的人很難領會館長的意思，因為宣傳材料和展示說明都是用日語呈現的。這次展覽名為「醫者的藝術」，展覽以「仁」的儒家理想為關鍵詞。用一種表示人與天地相連的表意文字，表示美德、仁愛、對生命的敬畏。孔子本人對此的解釋很簡單：「愛別人」。所以這是一場關於「人文醫學」的節目，也就是所謂的綜合醫學——一種治療整個人的藝術，用一種合適的傳統方法和替代方法。據說，早在江戶時代，日本的醫生就已經準備好應對這一問題了，這要歸功於他們以服務為導向的心態，他們對中國草藥、身體和針灸療法的熟悉，以及他們對吸收和適應西方知識的準備。在江戶，這最後一個吸收西方醫學的要素是通過與荷蘭人的互動來實現的。荷蘭是當時西方世界唯一一個被幕府當局允許的日本國內對外接觸窗口。
Certainly notions of virtuous service and rigorous study in the practice of medicine are nothing new or limited to this part of the world -- there is a long lineage of such values transmitted across generations since the days when the ancient Greeks worshipped Asclepius, the god of medicine and healing. His rod, entwined with a serpent signifying rebirth, remains a symbol of the field today. And the principles of compassion, altruism, and service are of course central to the Hippocratic oath.
當然，善行的觀念和對醫學實踐的嚴謹研究，並不是什麼新鮮事，也不局限於這個世界——從古希臘人崇拜醫學和療愈之神Asclepius以來，這些價值觀的傳承已經延續了很長的時間。他的杖，和一條象徵著重生的蛇纏繞在一起，至今仍是醫學事業的象徵。同情心、利他主義和服務為主的原則同樣也是希波克拉底誓言的核心。
3-D printers are now used in tandem with multi-slice CT scanners to generate real-time, patient-specific models, such as of healthy lungs (right) and those with a malignant tumor (left), thus enabling a non-invasive approach to surgical planning and training.
3d印表機現在與多層CT掃描儀一起使用，以生成實時的、特定於病人的模型，比如健康的肺(右)和惡性腫瘤(左)，從而為外科規劃和培訓提供了一種非侵入性的方法。
This illustration by Yamawaki Toyo is one of a set based on the autopsy he conducted in 1754 -- Japan"s first. Though rudimentary, his drawings became a template for later studies. Medical collection, National Museum of Nature and Science, Tokyo
Yamawaki Toyo的這個例子是他在1754年進行的驗屍的一部分——日本的第一個驗屍結果。他的素描雖然很簡陋，卻成了後來研究的模板。現在在東京國立自然與科學博物館作為醫療記憶收藏。
While it is not part of the exhibition, this late 18th-century painting by Shiba Kokan depicting a meeting of China, Japan, and the West says volumes about the debates and tensions that arose in Edo-era Japan as scholarly pursuits shifted from traditional herbal medicine to Western sciences. Note the open page of the Dutchman"s anatomical text vis-à-vis the rolled-up scroll of the Confucian scholar.
雖然這幅畫不是展覽的一部分，但這幅描繪了中國、日本和西方世界的十八世紀晚期的畫，講述了在上世紀80年代的日本，學術研究從傳統草藥轉向西方科學所引發的爭論和緊張局勢。請注意，荷蘭人的解剖經文的開放頁與儒家學者捲起來的捲軸。
The first models for studying meridian lines and acupuncture points are said to have been brought to Japan from China in 1378; by the Edo period both acupuncture and moxibustion were well established.
研究經脈和針灸腧穴的第一個模型據說是1378年從中國傳入日本的；在江戶時代，針刺學科和艾灸學科都得到了很好的發展。
Exhibits from the Meiji period (1868-1912) recount how the country"s early scholars of modern science, and their protégés, continued to build on the knowledge acquired during Japan"s period of isolation, going on to found medical schools and programs of study. The last section presents recent achievements, such as models of diseased and healthy lungs, hearts, and brains constructed by 3-D printing, and a nifty demonstration of an endoscope (an instrument for which Japan holds 98% of the world market share). You can also see, with the aid of a microscope, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) -- a discovery for which two researchers, British and Japanese, shared the 2012 Nobel Prize.
明治時期（1868-1912）的展品講述了日本早期的現代科學學者和他們的門生是如何在日本與世隔絕時期獲得的知識，同時還繼續建立醫學院進行科學研究。最後一部分展示了最近的成就，比如用3d列印技術構建的患病和健康的肺、心臟和大腦模型，以及內窺鏡（一種日本佔全球98%市場份額的儀器）的精巧演示。你還可以看到，在顯微鏡的幫助下，誘導多能幹細胞(iPSCs)——這一發現讓英國和日本的兩位研究人員分享了2012年的諾貝爾獎。
With its own labs and clinics now breaking new ground in medical research and applications, Japan has come a long way from the days of watercolor studies on rice paper. But still, it"s good to know that healing arts like acupuncture and moxibustion, which date back to this country"s sixth-century exchange with China, continue to thrive and remain available to us today in every neighborhood throughout the country.
現在，日本有了自己的實驗室和診所，在醫學研究和應用方面也開闢了新天地。與曾經的watercolor的研究相比，日本已經有了長足的進步。不過，我們還是很高興地了解到，針灸等治療藝術，可以追溯到6世紀與中國的交流，同時針灸這些治療藝術，現在在日本全國各地的每個社區里都可以看到，同時可以繼續發揚光大。
資料來源：日本《FOCUS》雜誌
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