雨水綠色處理，這裡有高招
大家好！「外企頭條」欄目今天推出《「天堂」里也有雨水花園》一文，介紹美國華盛頓特區如何通過建設雨水花園保護奧利維山公墓。
美國華盛頓特區一直有暴雨問題。雨水流經不透水的道路和人行道，會帶走殘留在地上的垃圾、油、殺蟲劑等污染物。
Washington, D.C. has a stormwater problem. When it rains, water rushes over impermeable surfaces like roads and sidewalks, and picks up pollutants like trash, oil and pesticides.
這些污染物隨雨水一起進入排水系統，並最終被排入當地的河流。每年有超過30億加侖的雨水和未經處理的污水流入華盛頓特區周邊的河流中。使其無論在切薩皮克灣，還是在全球範圍內，都是水污染髮展最快的地區。
These pollutants end up in storm drain systems and eventually make their way into local rivers.More than 3 billion gallons of stormwater runoff and raw sewage flow into D.C.』s rivers each year, making it the fastest growing source of water pollution both in the Chesapeake Bay and freshwater bodies worldwide.
奧利維山公墓作為華盛頓特區的一部分，雨水從墓地鋪設的道路流過，直接排入阿納卡斯蒂亞河的一條支流Hickey Run。
At Mount Olivet, stormwater was flowing off paved surfaces in the cemetery and draining directly into Hickey Run, one of the Anacostia River"s tributaries.
奧利維山公墓的管理者意識到必須要為此做些什麼。
The Archdiocese knew something had to be done.
有多種方法可用來解決雨水的徑流問題，其中之一是建立地下隧道或設置大型的雨水桶來收集雨水，以便在污水處理廠對其進行處理。
There are a few ways to address the pollution problem from stormwater runoff.One approach is to build underground tunnels and vats to collect pooled water and route it to water treatment plants.
在自然保護領域，這一方式被稱之為「灰色基礎設施」。
In the conservation world, we refer to this as 「gray infrastructure」.
另一種解決方案是「綠色基礎設施」，它被視為讓自然回到城市的一個戰略性方案。
Another solution is 「green infrastructure」—think of it as strategically engineering nature back into cities.
這種方式可以解決很多問題：收集雨水、減緩徑流、清潔雨水、冷卻雨水，模仿自然的過程將雨水緩慢釋放回河流，讓河流變得更加清潔。
These innovations do it all: capture the stormwater, slow down runoff, clean it up, cool it down, and slowly release it back into the river over time, mimicking natural processes. The result is cleaner rivers all around us.
更重要的是，建設綠色基礎設施成本通常低於建設灰色基礎設施成本，並可以產生大量的協同效應。
What"s more, green infrastructure typically costs less than gray infrastructure and provides a host of immediate co-benefits for free.
比如綠化社區、減少城市熱島、清潔空氣、恢復土壤養分以及為當地帶來綠色就業機會等。
like greening a neighborhood, reducing urban heat islands, cleaning the air, restoring nutrients to the soil, and creating local green jobs.
綠色基礎設施是什麼樣的呢？在奧利維山，大自然保護協會（TNC）倡導建造雨水花園，用透水鋪裝代替原來的不透水道路。
What does green infrastructure look like? At Mount Olivet, TNC has championed the construction of rain gardens, it means removing and replacing unused access roads with bioretention rain gardens.
雨水花園可收集雨水，並通過覆蓋層、土壤、植被和礫石層層過濾雨水，從而達到減緩雨水徑流，並在污染物隨著雨水抵達河流前對其進行處理的作用。
The gardens collect water and filter it through layers of mulch, soil, plants, and gravel—a process that has been proven to slow the speed of stormwater runoff and treat pollutants before they reach the river.
而且，雨水花園裡的植被還可以為城市內的野生動物和傳播花粉的蜜蜂和鳥類等，提供棲息地。
Native vegetation also provides habitat for urban wildlife and pollinators, such as bees and birds.
在這個項目上，大自然保護協會負責開發基於自然環境的解決方案，在確保公墓履行神聖職能的同時，對自然環境實施最大限度的保護。
As the conservation partner on this project, TNC led the charge on developing nature-based solutions that both addressed the sacred functions of the cemetery and ensured maximum conservation benefit for nature.
大自然保護協會對墓地的地形和土壤成分進行了研究，來確定建設雨水花園的最佳位置。
TNC conducted studies of the cemetery』s topography and soil composition to identify the most optimal locations for rain gardens.
同時，還使用了探地雷達，以確保建設工程可以保持墓地的神聖性。
And TNC employed ground-penetrating radar to ensure that construction plans would maintain the sanctity of the grounds.
大自然保護協會和諸多合作夥伴之所以可以在奧利維山公墓開展這一雨水花園的項目，還得益於華盛頓特區出台的一項創新性政策。
TNC and many of its partners have been able to launch the rain gardens project at At Mount Olivet, benefiting from an innovative policy in Washington, D.C.
和許多城市一樣，華盛頓特區也有處理暴雨徑流的神聖任務。但該地區擁有獨特的優勢，即對新的基建的創新監管考慮到了現金流的產生。
Like many cities, DC has a mandate to address stormwater runoff. But the District has a unique advantage: innovative regulations on new construction that allow for cash flow generation.
該政策包含了兩個重要方面，一是開發商必須解決新建築和翻新項目所帶來的雨水徑流問題，但是其中至少50%的雨水需要就地滯留，其餘部分可以通過購買雨水信用額度（SRCs）來達到減排要求。
There are two important components to these regulations. First, developers are required to address the stormwater runoff caused by their new construction and renovation projects, but they can take care of half of these abatement requirements by purchasing Stormwater Retention Credits (SRCs) from offsite green infrastructure projects.
二是整個華盛頓特區的房產，不論新舊，都可以安裝處理雨水的綠色基礎設施從而產生信用額度，並可將信用賣給開發商，以產生收入和收回成本。
Second, properties throughout D.C. — both new and old construction—can install green infrastructure projects that generate credits. They can sell these credits back to developers to generate revenue and recoup their costs.
這個政策可以幫助實現三方共贏，既有利於社區和經濟，也有利於自然。
The result is a market for SRCs that benefits nature, communities, and the economy. You can think of it as a triple win.
社區受益於將擁有更多的綠色空間和局部洪水的減少。
Communities benefit from more green space and a reduction in localized flooding.
開發商也無需在新建建築上建造綠色屋頂，而是從該項目中購買雨洪的信用額度，讓自然存在於城市中最需要的區域。
Instead of building a green roof on a new hotel, developers can purchase credits from projects that bring nature to areas of the city that need it most.
同時，這對當地經濟也有益處。比如，開發商節約了建設雨洪裝置的費用，而像奧利維山公墓這樣的機構則可以通過銷售雨洪信用額度來獲得收入並回收建設綠色基礎設施的成本。
The economy gets a boost. Developers save money they would typically spend on solutions like green roofs and cisterns. Organizations like the Archdiocese can generate revenue and recoup the costs of green infrastructure projects through the sale of retention credits.
這種方式也吸引了一些希望獲得回報收益的機構投資人參與其中。
And we can attract big investors who expect a return on their investment.
由於雨水在達到當地的河流前就被收集和處理，自然得到了保護，而雨水花園的建設也幫助城市恢復了野生動物棲息地，改善了空氣質量。
Nature is protected when polluted runoff is captured before reaching local waterways. These projects also encourage the restoration of wildlife habitat and can improve air quality.
奧利維山公墓本身就是一個頗具知名度的地方。這個花園將為人們提供反思的空間，也將是一些具有花粉傳播作用的小動物的棲息地，這裡還將舉辦社區教育活動。
The garden』s design will provide reflective spaces for people and habitat for pollinators, using the power of nature to connect people with history. The garden will also host community educational events.
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編輯 / 李丹丹
來源 /經濟日報（記者陳頤、朱琳）
TAG:經濟日報 |