「城市創者」的「新村狂想曲」 /Building Utopia in China
一幫外國小青年走進上海一處老小區，東瞧瞧西看看，他們在琢磨什麼呢？
What interesting thing does a very old Shanghai residential community have, to attract a group of young foreign visitors?
集合，去新村！
Students departing for the New Village
原來， 這些來自同濟大學和德國波鴻應用科學大學的大學生，一頭鑽進了同濟大學的教工宿舍區——同濟新村。他們打算把這裡當作假想的設計場所，在其中增添更符合人們當代需求的公共空間，促進居民交流和共享資源。
Welcome to the Tongji New Village - Tongji University』s faculty dormitory community – a site with a long history and a vision born from Mao Zedong』s utopian views of real living.
Those young visitors were actually students in a joint design studio from CAUP Tongji and Bochum University of Applied Sciences, challenged to develop an architectural design proposal in the urban context of the New Village, to integrate citizens across social and age divisions, in environmentally sustainable and economically affordable ways.
這項任務來自一門同濟-波鴻聯合設計課程，旨在探索針對集體式居住的設計策略。學生需要從空間和功能的角度，去理解這類社區的組織形式，並將自己的設計方案植入現有城市肌理，實現現狀的優化。
It"s all about design strategies for collective housing. During this course, students need to understand the organization of the neighborhood, spatially and in function, to devise a strategy how their design proposal can plug into the existing fabric and improve the status quo.
波鴻應用科學大學的學生拍攝的同濟新村
Tongji New Village photos by students from Bochum University of Applied Sciences
這次設計課，學生們可以在上海兩處不同的地點裡選一處展開設計。而多數人選了同濟新村。
In this joint design studio, students were offered a choice of two sites in Shanghai, of which sparked the most interest was the Tongji New Village.
新村小史
New Village Utopia
那麼，這片樓房與基礎設施都已顯陳舊的老小區，到底有什麼特別呢？
So, what was so interesting about this old community?
別看德國的年輕人們初來乍到，他們通過研究資料，已或多或少了解了眼前這片住宅區的前世今生：
「新村」，可算是上海、乃至全中國最有代表性的現代社區形式之一了。新中國成立伊始，領導人意在將大上海從「十里洋場」打造成為新中國的工業重鎮，大量產業工人湧入。為解決這上百萬人口的居住問題，從1952年開始，一批批四至六層磚混住宅構成的行列式小區——「 新村 」，在上海市區邊緣興建起來。
The so called 「New Village」 is considered to be one of the most representative community forms in Shanghai, and even across China. New Villages in Shanghai were built on the fringe of the city on a large scale from the 1950s to 1990s, in order to solve the urgent housing problem of millions of industrial workers, who poured into the city during a short time after the founding of the PRC.
上海1952年建的第一處「新村」：曹楊新村
Caoyang New Village - the very first New Village in China
（圖自網路）
上世紀50年代的曹楊新村工人消費合作社
The cooperative in Caoyang New Village
（圖自網路）
而同濟新村作為同濟大學的教職工集體宿舍，也早在1954年就開始興建了。從50年代一直蓋到90年代，經過很多輪建設後，如今這片佔地5.6公頃的地界上已經裝進了約20類不同時期建成的迥異建築，容納了350戶居民。雖然老舊，卻至今充滿濃厚的生活氣息。
Tongji New Village also has undergone many rounds of additional construction from the 1950s to 1990s.The very first building in this New Village dates back to 1954.Today, within an area of 5.6 hectares, there are about 20 different types of buildings built in different periods, with 350 households living inside.
在計劃經濟背景下，這種單一、集約、大批量複製的公共住宅，不僅是為滿足「新移民」的居住需求，也一度肩負著保障工業發展和實施社會管理的功能。它的誕生可追溯到西方空想社會主義，及日本「共同勞動，共同消費，實行各盡所能、各取所需」的「新村主義」思潮對中國的影響。當然，它更凝結著當年的普通人共赴美好生活的樸素願望。
The origin of this kind of single, intensive, mass-replicated public housing can be traced back to western utopian socialism and the influence of Japan"s 「new village」 idea - work together, live together, do what you can and take what you need. It was a socialist national strategy, but also sustained the plain dreams of ordinary Chinese people to go for a good life.
曹楊新村裡的休閑生活
Leisure in the New Village
（圖自網路）
有趣的是，這些由社會主義國家當年自上而下主導建設的公共住宅，與「城市創者：未來的生活」（Citymaker：Future of Living）項目希望介紹到中國的、德國柏林等地今天自下而上發起的居民協作式「聯合住宅」(co-housing)，形成了一種不同歷史時空下的「互文」。
Interestingly, the bottom-up co-housing projects found in Berlin and elsewhere today seem an echo in different historical contexts to those New Villages led by the Chinese central government from top down.
柏林一處聯合住宅小區
A co-housing community in Berlin
@ http://www.cohousing-berlin.de
德國等地的「聯合住宅」興起於上世紀中後期，是一類由居民自發協作建造和運營的房地產項目。他們的願景是，人們不僅可以分享勞動和時間投入，也共用空間、分攤費用，以此降低建造和生活成本，更促進不同年齡和經濟條件的人群間的交流，於是「烏托邦」變成了現實的生活。或許，它也能為飽受中國國內商品房價格高企壓力的人們，提供另一種思路。
This is what the China-Germany project 「CITYMAKERS - Future of Living」 wants to introduce into China, an alternative mode of living for China. The vision is that a group of future residents agrees on how they want to lead their lives together, share skills, share time, share space and costs with each other and neighbors. By sharing they manage to cut costs, reduce energy consumption and foster interaction between different age and economic groups. Utopia becomes real living.
聯合住宅區內的居民活動
Events held by co-housing residents
（圖自網路）
想像未來
Imagining the Future
This time, "Future of Living" team - together with students - focused their study and work on practical communities in China, including the legendary New Villages.
參與課程的師生們
Students & tutors of the joint studio
此次同濟-波鴻聯合設計課程以「未來的生活：共處！」為主題，由項目的其中兩位發起人——作為上海同濟大學建築與城市規劃學院助理教授的Iris Belle，和作為德國波鴻應用科學大學教授的金安和（Erhard An-He Kinzelbach）共同主持，此課程進一步深化了項目早期經過九個多月的研究獲得的學術成果。
Informed by workshops held inBeijingandBerlin, the nine months of research by the focus group 「CITYMAKERS - Future of Living」 led by An-He, Iris and Binke, was recently concluded and presented in Berlin. This joint design studio 「Future of Living: Together!」 brought together by An-He(Bochum University of Applied Sciences/ KNOWSPACE, Berlin) and Iris (Tongji University, Shanghai), was the next step in elaborating on the thoughts and ideas of the continuing research.
「未來的生活」項目三位發起人
「CITYMAKERS- Future of Living」 team - An-He, Iris and Binke
課程進行到後期時，年輕人們開始推敲他們設想的未來社區生活，每個人都拿出了初步的設計方案。
Each student came up with a preliminary design plan. Their chosen design approaches insightful on a range of different building typologies, including cluster apartments, mixed-use podium with residential top, courtyards, buildings connected via bridges, small building interventions and mega structures.
6月6至8日，兩位課程導師與「未來的生活」項目另一位發起人藍冰可(Binke Lenhardt)，以及兩位特邀嘉賓——上海羅昂實驗室(logon lab)負責人、社會學家Pascal Hartmann和Crossboundaries聯合創始人、建築師董灝一起，為學生們舉辦了一場學術研討活動，對每個方案作出點評。
June 6th to 8th, the 「Future of Living」 team (An-He, Iris and Binke,) along with invited speakers Pascal Hartmann (logon lab, Shanghai) and DONG Hao (Crossboundaries, Beijing), gave critiques on the students proposals.
課程學術研討活動介紹
Lectures & reviews Info
從建築類型學的角度看，兩校學生目前拿出的設計方案里，既有集體公寓式的住宅，也包括底商加住宅的複合功能建築；有的是近似合院或土樓的圍合結構，也有的將若干高樓用連廊串連；小到以微型建築物介入的改造，大到超大型建築的興建……不少學生計劃拆掉社區內的某棟建築，替換以各式各樣的全新公共空間；也有人提出了更經濟的改造方式，不做任何拆除，只為建築主體添加一些功能單元。
為幫助學生們拓展視野，Hartmann和董灝還帶來兩場主題講座。為上海的社區做設計，怎能不多了解一些當地的社會背景？Hartmann分享了其研究團隊常年觀察到的、上海社會結構的劇變——尤其是獨居群體數量及構成的變化，所催生出的全新居住需求及形式。董灝則介紹了團隊已完成及設想的多個教育、辦公及居住案例，及其背後的思考——未來的建築設計，將更加側重於滿足人類自身多層次和個性化的需求。
The speakers Hao and Pascal expanded students』 understanding on the local society of Shanghai and the development of design in the future. Hartmann presented his lab』s research and findings on composition and dynamic of the social group of singles their needs and financial abilities of different age cohorts of singles. While Hao talked about built and visionary projects from education, commerce and housing that meet the tremendous changes in the coming future.
經過種種諸如此類有益、有趣的探索和實踐，我們的「城市創者」們將在中國繼續尋找實現美好生活的方式。
By doing all these, we are one step closer to what real living in China can be.
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