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葉酸補充劑和腸道細菌

論文題目:A bacterial route for folic acid supplementation

作者:Claire Maynard et al.

數字識別碼:10.1186/s12915-018-0534-3

補充的葉酸如何進入我們的身體?其吸收方式曾被認為與飲食中的天然葉酸相同,但是實際上卻是通過人體內不同的蛋白質通道吸收。在近期的論文中,我們發現了另一條途徑,即通過腸道細菌吸收,並討論這可能對人類健康產生的影響。

葉酸補充劑和腸道細菌

我們的工作在線蟲中展開,它們以無害的大腸桿菌菌落為食物,能夠在實驗室中進行培養。對葉酸的興趣來自一個偶然發現:抑制大腸桿菌中葉酸的產生能夠延長蠕蟲的壽命。有趣的是,壽命的延長並不是葉酸供應減少的結果。相反,阻止細菌葉酸產生以一種對線蟲有益的方式改變了細菌的行為或新陳代謝。

線蟲可以從大腸桿菌中獲得葉酸,但所需的量很少:我們發現即使細菌的葉酸大量減少,線蟲也可以正常生長。事實上為了看到類似發育缺陷的情況,我們不得不使用特定的線蟲突變體和低葉酸的細菌。這種葉酸缺乏癥狀可以通過添加亞葉酸(一種在自然界發現的葉酸)得到預防,但葉酸的效率要低得多。在本文中,我們證明葉酸需要通過大腸桿菌來防止發育缺陷。

這一結果是出乎意料的,因為大腸桿菌不能攝取葉酸。然而,它可以攝取葉酸的分解產物,即對氨基苯甲醯谷氨酸,並通過本文合著者之一Jacalyn Green發現的途徑中,利用對氨基苯甲醯谷氨酸合成新的葉酸。對氨基苯甲醯谷氨酸存在於葉酸製劑中,包括從當地購買的片劑。葉酸經過複雜的分解過程,隨後在細菌中再合成,然後被蠕蟲吸收,確實可以防止葉酸缺乏,但我們也發現它也有負面影響,阻止了由低葉酸細菌引起的壽命延長。

這條途徑是否存在於人類?分解產物存在於補充劑中,並且完整的葉酸可能在胃中進一步分解,但我們不知道對氨基苯甲醯谷氨酸與細菌接觸的程度。其中大部分可能會在接觸到胃腸道深處的細菌之前被吸收或代謝。這需要進一步實驗驗證。

葉酸被腸道細菌吸收是否安全?我們認為在有些情況下細菌葉酸含量的增加可能具有負面影響,例如與病原菌過度生長有關的慢性疾病,但這需要進一步研究。

在美國和加拿大等許多國家,葉酸被添加到麵粉中。在其他國家,它被添加到人造黃油、穀物和其他食品中。葉酸的強制添加可以防止許多神經管先天缺陷,因為母親需要足夠的葉酸水平,甚至在懷孕之前。然而,有些人質疑,在並非每個人都需要葉酸的情況下,給所有人提供葉酸是否安全或合乎道德。

一些研究表明,葉酸可能對健康產生負面影響,如增加結腸癌風險或掩蓋維生素B12缺乏症,但政府資助的專家小組通過文獻綜述得出的結論認為,補充葉酸是安全的。我們驚訝地發現這些綜述沒有考慮腸道微生物或葉酸的穩定性。我們希望該論文能夠鼓勵在這方面進行更多的研究,並且引起公共衛生機構的注意。

摘要:

Background

To prevent folate deficiencies, many countries supplement various foodstuffs with folic acid. This compound is a synthetic oxidised folate that differs from naturally occurring reduced folates in its metabolism and uptake. Notably, safety reviews of folic acid supplementation have not considered interactions with gut bacteria. Here, we use the Caenorhabditis elegans – Escherichia coli animal– microbe model to examine a possible bacterial route for folic acid uptake. It has been assumed that supplements are taken up directly by the worm, especially because E. coli is unable to take up folates. However, E. coli, like many other bacteria, can transport the folate breakdown product, para-aminobenzoate-glutamate (PABA-glu), via AbgT and use it for bacterial folate synthesis. This pathway may impact host health because inhibition of bacterial folate synthesis increases C. elegans lifespan.

Results

Folic acid supplementation was found to rescue a C. elegans developmental folate-deficient mutant; however, a much higher concentration was required compared to folinic acid, a reduced folate. Unlike folinic acid, the effectiveness of folic acid supplementation was dependent on the E. coli gene, abgT, suggesting a bacterial route with PABA-glu uptake by E. coli as a first step. Surprisingly, we found up to 4% PABA-glu in folic acid preparations, including in a commercial supplement. Via breakdown to PABA-glu, folic acid increases E. coli folate synthesis. This pathway restores folate synthesis in a bacterial mutant defective in PABA synthesis, reversing the ability of this mutant to increase C. elegans lifespan.

Conclusions

Folic acid supplementation in C. elegans occurs chiefly indirectly via bacterial uptake of breakdown products via E. coli AbgT, and can impact C. elegans development and longevity. Examining how folic acid supplementation affects bacterial folate synthesis in the human gut may help us to better understand the safety of folic acid supplementation.

期刊介紹:BMC Biologyis an open access journal publishing outstanding research in all areas of biology, with a publication policy that combines selection for broad interest and importance with a commitment to serving authors well.

2017 Journal Metrics

Citation Impact

5.770 - 2-year Impact Factor

7.556 - 5-year Impact Factor

3.425 - Source Normalized Impact per Paper (SNIP)

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