《科學》（20181019出版）一周論文導讀

Science 19 OCTOBER 2018

VOL 362, ISSUE 6412

《科學》2018年10月19日第6412期362卷

生物學Biology

DNGR-1 in dendritic cells limits tissuedamage by dampening neutrophil recruitment

樹突狀細胞中DNGR-1通過抑制中性粒細胞招募限制組織損傷

作者：Carlos del Fresno, Paula Saz-Leal, MichelEnamorado, Stefanie K. Wculek, Sarai Martínez-Cano, et al

相關鏈接：

導讀：宿主損傷會觸發限制組織損傷的反饋機制。傳統1型樹突狀細胞（cDC1s）能表達樹突狀細胞天然殺手——凝集素家族受體1（DNGR-1）。

DNGR-1由Clec9a基因表達，可感知組織損傷並且幫助將死亡細胞物質交叉呈遞給CD8+ T細胞。

這裡，我們發現，DNGR-1還可減少損傷宿主的炎症反應。這些反應由小鼠體內無菌和傳染性的組織損傷誘發。

而DNGR-1缺失會導致蛙皮素誘發的壞死性胰腺炎加重，並且在深部念珠菌感染期間使病理學現象增多，但未影響載菌量。

Abstract：Host injury triggers feedback mechanismsthat limit tissue damage. Conventional type 1 dendritic cells (cDC1s) expressdendritic cell natural killer lectin group receptor-1 (DNGR-1), encoded by thegene Clec9a, which senses tissue damage and favors cross-presentation ofdead-cell material to CD8+ T cells. Here we find that DNGR-1 additionallyreduces host-damaging inflammatory responses induced by sterile and infectioustissue injury in mice. DNGR-1 deficiency leads to exacerbated caerulein-inducednecrotizing pancreatitis and increased pathology during systemic Candidaalbicans infection without affecting fungal burden.

Generation of human oogonia from inducedpluripotent stem cells in vitro

來自體外誘導多能幹細胞的人類卵原細胞的產生

作者：Chika Yamashiro, Kotaro Sasaki, Yukihiro Yabuta, Yoji Kojima,Tomonori Nakamura, Ikuhiro Okamoto, et al

相關鏈接：

導讀：人類體外配子產生可能改變生殖醫學。人類多能幹細胞（hPSCs）一直被誘導成原始生殖細胞樣細胞（hPGCLCs）。

不過，向成熟生殖細胞的進一步分化一直未實現。這裡，我們證實，hPGCLCs在長期體外培養（約4個月）期間能逐步分化成像卵原細胞一樣的細胞。

這一過程是在異基因重組卵巢中利用小鼠胚胎卵巢體細胞實現的。

源自hPGCLC的卵原細胞展示出表觀遺傳重編程全基因組DNA去甲基化的跡象以及遺傳印記消除和hPSCs中異常DNA甲基化的消失，並且進入減數分裂重組的臨場前兆狀態。

Abstract:Human in vitro gametogenesis may transformreproductive medicine. Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) have been inducedinto primordial germ cell–like cells (hPGCLCs); however, furtherdifferentiation to a mature germ cell has not been achieved. Here, we show thathPGCLCs differentiate progressively into oogonia-like cells during a long-termin vitro culture (approximately 4 months) in xenogeneic reconstituted ovarieswith mouse embryonic ovarian somatic cells. The hPGCLC-derived oogonia displayhallmarks of epigenetic reprogramming—genome-wide DNA demethylation, imprinterasure, and extinguishment of aberrant DNA methylation in hPSCs—and acquire animmediate precursory state for meiotic recombination.

物理學Physics

Hyperfine interaction of individual atomson a surface

單個原子在表面上的超精細相互作用

作者：Philip Willke, Yujeong Bae, Kai Yang, Jose L.Lado, Alejandro Ferrón, Taeyoung Choi, et al

相關鏈接：

導讀：利用核自旋進行電子結構分析、磁共振成像和量子元件製備，取決於對周圍原子尺度環境的了解和控制。

我們利用自旋極化掃描隧道顯微鏡和單原子電子自旋共振技術，測量並操縱了被放置在氧化鎂表面上的單個鐵和鈦原子的超精細相互作用。

利用原子操縱移動單個原子，我們發現超精細相互作用強烈取決於原子的綁定配置。

Abstract：Taking advantage of nuclear spins forelectronic structure analysis, magnetic resonance imaging, and quantum deviceshinges on knowledge and control of the surrounding atomic-scale environment. Wemeasured and manipulated the hyperfine interaction of individual iron andtitanium atoms placed on a magnesium oxide surface by using spin-polarizedscanning tunneling microscopy in combination with single-atom electron spinresonance. Using atom manipulation to move single atoms, we found that thehyperfine interaction strongly depended on the binding configuration of theatom.

Evidence for Majorana bound states in aniron-based superconductor

馬約拉納束縛態在鐵基超導體中存在的證據

作者：Dongfei Wang, Lingyuan Kong, Peng Fan, HuiChen, Shiyu Zhu, Wenyao Liu, Lu Cao, et al

相關鏈接：

導讀：對於馬約拉納束縛態（MBSs）的尋找一直被利用其非阿貝爾統計開展魯棒量子計算的前景所推動。

科學家預測，二維超導拓撲材料的MBSs在旋渦核心處以零能量模式呈現。通過在鐵基超導體FeTe0.55Se0.45的超導狄拉克表面狀態上應用掃描隧道譜，我們在旋渦核心內部觀察到尖銳的零偏壓峰值。

當從旋渦核心處離開時，這個峰值並未出現分裂。

各種磁場、溫度和隧道勢壘下的峰值演化，同通往近乎純的MBS（從非拓撲束縛態分離出來）的隧道相一致。

Abstract：The search for Majorana bound states (MBSs)has been fueled by the prospect of using their non-Abelian statistics forrobust quantum computation. Two-dimensional superconducting topologicalmaterials have been predicted to host MBSs as zero-energy modes in vortexcores. By using scanning tunneling spectroscopy on the superconducting Diracsurface state of the iron-based superconductor FeTe0.55Se0.45, we observed asharp zero-bias peak inside a vortex core that does not split when moving awayfrom the vortex center. The evolution of the peak under varying magnetic field,temperature, and tunneling barrier is consistent with the tunneling to a nearlypure MBS, separated from nontopological bound states.

化學Chemistry

Chiral Lewis acids integrated with single-walledcarbon nanotubes for asymmetric catalysis in water

同單壁碳納米管相融合的手性路易斯酸用於水中不對稱催化

作者：TakuKitanosono, Pengyu Xu, Shū Kobayashi

相關鏈接：

導讀：當前亟待發展高反應活性和立體選擇性催化系統。這不只是為了改善現有合成方法，還為了發明獨特的化學反應。

在這裡，對鎳基路易斯酸表面活性劑複合催化劑和單壁碳納米管的均相結合，被證實在水中展現出持續的活性。

除了反應性增強，立體選擇性和長期能力也在醛肟的非對稱共軛加成反應中得以展示。該反應提供了大量具有良好選擇性的手性硝酸試劑。

Abstract：The development of highly reactive andstereoselective catalytic systems is required not only to improve existingsynthetic methods but also to invent distinct chemical reactions. Herein, ahomogenized combination of nickel-based Lewis acid–surfactant-combinedcatalysts and single-walled carbon nanotubes is shown to exhibit substantialactivity in water. In addition to the enhanced reactivity, stereoselectiveperformance and long-term stability were demonstrated in asymmetric conjugateaddition reactions of aldoximes to furnish chiral nitrones in high yields withexcellent selectivities.

Hierarchically porous polymer coatings forhighly efficient passive daytime radiative cooling

用於高效被動日間輻射冷卻的多層多孔聚合物塗層

作者：JyotirmoyMandal, Yanke Fu, Adam C. Overvig, Mingxin Jia, Kerui Sun, Norman N. Shi, et al

相關鏈接：

導讀：被動日間輻射冷卻（PDRC）涉及通過反射光線和將熱量輻射至較冷外太空而實現自然冷卻。

雖然現有的PDRC設計是針對電子冷卻的頗有前景的替代方案，但要麼效率不高，要麼限制了適用性。

我們展示了一種簡單、廉價和可擴展的基於相轉化的方法。

該方法能製造出擁有優秀PDRC能力的多層多孔聚合物塗層——聚偏二氟乙烯-六氟丙烯共聚物[P(VdF-HFP)HP]。

Abstract：Passive daytime radiative cooling (PDRC)involves spontaneously cooling a surface by reflecting sunlight and radiatingheat to the cold outer space. Current PDRC designs are promising alternativesto electrical cooling but are either inefficient or have limited applicability.We present a simple, inexpensive, and scalable phase inversion–based method forfabricating hierarchically porous poly(vinylidenefluoride-co-hexafluoropropene) [P(VdF-HFP)HP] coatings with excellent PDRCcapability.

其他領域：

地學Geoscience

Shear properties of Earth』s inner coreconstrained by a detection of J waves in global correlation wavefield

地球內核剪切特性受全球相關波場中J波探測的約束

作者：Hrvoje Tkal?i?, Thanh-Son Ph?m

相關鏈接：

導讀：穿過地球內核的剪切波——J地震波為內核的堅固性和剪切性提供了直接約束。

不過，由於振幅較小，這些波一直在直接的地震波場中難以被捕捉到。我們設計了一種新方法，來探測震尾相關波場中的J波。它們展示出和其他對內核敏感的壓縮信號相似的性質。

內核雖然堅固，但相對較軟，靠近內核邊界的剪切波速度和剪切模量分別為每秒3.42 ± 0.02公里和149.0 ± 1.6吉帕（GPa），而地球核心處的剪切波速度和剪切模量分別為每秒3.58 ± 0.02公里和167.4 ± 1.6（GPa）。

Abstract:Seismic J waves, shear waves that traverseEarth』s inner core, provide direct constraints on the inner core』s solidity andshear properties. However, these waves have been elusive in the direct seismicwavefield because of their small amplitudes. We devised a new method to detectJ waves in the earthquake coda correlation wavefield. They manifest through thesimilarity with other compressional core-sensitive signals. The inner core issolid, but relatively soft, with shear-wave speeds and shear moduli of 3.42 ± 0.02kilometers per second and 149.0 ± 1.6 gigapascals (GPa) near the inner coreboundary and 3.58 ± 0.02 kilometers per second and 167.4 ± 1.6 GPa in Earth』scenter.

社會學Sociology

Relationship of gender differences inpreferences to economic development and gender equality

偏好上的性別差異同經濟發展和性別平衡的關係

作者：ArminFalk , Johannes Hermle

相關鏈接：

導讀：同時間、風險和社會互動相關的偏好系統性塑造了人類行為並且帶來女性和男性之間不同的經濟和社會後果。

我們展示了一項針對6種基本偏好性別差異的全球調查。我們的數據包括對承擔風險意願、耐心、利他主義、經濟互惠、消極互惠和信任的測量。

其涉及76個具有國家代表性的樣本中的8萬人。偏好上的性別差異同經濟發展和性別平等呈正相關。

Abstract:Preferences concerning time, risk, andsocial interactions systematically shape human behavior and contribute todifferential economic and social outcomes between women and men. We present aglobal investigation of gender differences in six fundamental preferences. Ourdata consist of measures of willingness to take risks, patience, altruism,positive and negative reciprocity, and trust for 80,000 individuals in 76representative country samples. Gender differences in preferences werepositively related to economic development and gender equality.

（宗華編譯）

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