《科學》（20181109出版）一周論文導讀

Science, 09 NOVEMBER 2018, VOL 362, ISSUE 6415

《科學》2018年11月9日第6415期362卷

物理學Physics

Suppressing corrosion in primary aluminum–air batteries via oil displacement

通過驅油抑制一次性鋁空氣電池中的腐蝕

作者：Brandon J. Hopkins, Yang Shao-Horn, Douglas P. Hart

鏈接：

摘要：

雖然一次性鋁空氣電池宣稱擁有較高的理論能量密度，但負電極腐蝕不可逆轉地限制了其壽命。大多數緩蝕方法效果欠佳或者令功率和能量密度大打折扣。

我們通過在電池待機時間用一種不導電的油替代電極表面的電解液，抑制了開路腐蝕。通過電池放電時用電解液替代油，較高的功率和能量密度得以實現。

我們在一種鋁空氣電池中證實了這種方法。電池的可用能量密度增加了4.2倍，同時腐蝕減少了99.99%。

該方法將一個月的自放電速率降至0.02%，並且使系統能量密度達到700瓦時/升和900瓦時/千克。

Abstract

Primary aluminum–air batteries boast high theoretical energy densities, but negative electrode corrosion irreversibly limits their shelf life. Most corrosion mitigation methods are insufficient or compromise power and energy density. We suppressed open-circuit corrosion by displacing electrolyte from the electrode surface with a nonconducting oil during battery standby. High power and energy density are enabled by displacing the oil with electrolyte for battery discharge. We demonstrate this method in an aluminum–air cell that achieves a 420% increase in usable energy density and 99.99% reduction in corrosion, which lowers self-discharge to a rate of 0.02% a month and enables system energy densities of 700 watt-hours per liter and 900 watt-hours per kilogram.

Photon-mediated interactions between quantum emitters in a diamond nanocavity

金剛石納米腔中量子發射器之間光子介導的互動

作者：R. E. Evans, M. K. Bhaskar, D. D. Sukachev, C. T. Nguyen, et al

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摘要：

量子系統之間光子介導的互動對於實現量子網路和可擴展的量子信息處理至關重要。

我們展示了與金剛石納米光子腔耦合的硅空缺（SiV）顏色中心對之間的這種互動。當兩個顏色中心的光躍遷被調到共振時，同常見腔模式的耦合促成兩者之間的相干相互作用併產生頻率分辨的超輻射和亞輻射狀態。

我們還利用SiV中心的電子自旋自由度控制這些光介導的互動。

Abstract

Photon-mediated interactions between quantum systems are essential for realizing quantum networks and scalable quantum information processing. We demonstrate such interactions between pairs of silicon-vacancy ( SiV ) color centers coupled to a diamond nanophotonic cavity. When the optical transitions of the two color centers are tuned into resonance, the coupling to the common cavity mode results in a coherent interaction between them, leading to spectrally resolved superradiant and subradiant states. We use the electronic spin degrees of freedom of the SiV centers to control these optically mediated interactions.

動物學Zoology

Globalpattern of nest predationis disruptedby climate change in shorebirds

濱鳥的巢捕食全球模式被氣候變化擾亂

作者：Vojtěch Kubelka, Miroslav ?álek, Pavel Tomkovich, Zsolt Végvári,et al

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摘要：

正在進行的氣候變化被認為擾亂了營養關係，並對複雜的種間關係產生了影響。

不過，關於氣候變化對物種相互作用的影響知之甚少，並且這種影響尚未在全球尺度得以記錄。

利用來自237個種群的38191個巢穴的單獨資料庫，我們發現，過去70年間濱鳥經歷了巢捕食的全球增長。

歷史上，巢捕食曾存在一個緯度梯度——最高比率出現在熱帶地區。不過，這種模式近年來在北半球得到逆轉，其中最顯著的是北極。

增加的巢捕食同氣候誘導的捕食者—獵物關係的變化相一致。

Abstract

Ongoing climate change is thought to disrupt trophic relationships, with consequences for complex interspecific interactions, yet the effects of climate change on species interactions are poorly understood, and such effects have not been documented at a global scale. Using a single database of 38,191 nests from 237 populations, we found that shorebirds have experienced a worldwide increase in nest predation over the past 70 years. Historically, there existed a latitudinal gradient in nest predation, with the highest rates in the tropics; however, this pattern has been recently reversed in the Northern Hemisphere, most notably in the Arctic. This increased nest predation is consistent with climate-induced shifts in predator-prey relationships.

Neonicotinoid exposure disrupts bumble bee nest behavior, social networks, and thermoregulation

新煙鹼類殺蟲劑暴露損傷大黃蜂巢穴行為、社交網路和溫度調節

作者：James D. Crall, Callin M. Switzer, Robert L. Oppenheimer, et al

鏈接：

摘要：

雖然新煙鹼類殺蟲劑會對蜂群產生負面影響，但這些化合物損傷蜜蜂生長的行為機制一直不明確。

這裡，我們通過利用一個自動化的機器人平台，調查了吡蟲啉對大黃蜂巢穴內部工蜂行為的影響。該平台可對單獨標識的工蜂進行持續的多蜂群監控。

我們發現，暴露於和野外真實水平相當的吡蟲啉濃度會損傷巢穴內的養育行為並且改變社交和空間動力學，但這些影響在每天的不同時間段差別很大。

Abstract

Neonicotinoid pesticides can negatively affect bee colonies, but the behavioral mechanisms by which these compounds impair colony growth remain unclear. Here, we investigate imidacloprid』s effects on bumblebee worker behavior within the nest, using an automated, robotic platform for continuous, multicolony monitoring of uniquely identified workers. We find that exposure to field-realistic levels of imidacloprid impairs nursing and alters social and spatial dynamics within nests, but that these effects vary substantially with time of day.

生物學Biology

WDFY4 is required for cross-presentationin responseto viral and tumor antigens

WDFY4對於應對病毒和腫瘤抗原的交叉遞呈是必需的

作者：Derek J. Theisen, Jesse T. Davidson IV, Carlos G. Brise?o, MarcoGargaro, et al

鏈接：

摘要：

在交叉遞呈過程中，來自病毒或腫瘤的抗原通過依賴於Batf3的CD8α⁺/XCR1⁺經典樹突狀細胞（cDC1s）被遞呈給CD8⁺T細胞。

我們設計了功能性CRISPR篩選，以尋找此前未知的交叉遞呈調控者，並且辨別出含有BEACH結構域的蛋白質WDFY4對於小鼠體內通過cDC1s的同細胞相關抗原的交叉遞呈至關重要。

不過，WDFY4對於主要組織相容性複合體II類的遞呈並非必需，對於單核細胞源的樹突狀細胞的交叉遞呈也並非必需。

Abstract

During the process of cross-presentation, viral or tumor-derived antigens are presented to CD8⁺T cells by Batf3-dependent CD8α⁺/XCR1⁺ classical dendritic cells (cDC1s). We designed a functional CRISPR screen for previously unknown regulators of cross-presentation, and identified the BEACHdomain–containing protein WDFY4 as essential for cross-presentation of cell-associated antigens by cDC1s in mice. However, WDFY4 was not required for major histocompatibility complex class II presentation, nor for cross-presentation by monocyte-derived dendritic cells.

Heterogeneity in efflux pumpexpression predisposesantibiotic-resistant cells to mutation

外排泵表達的異質性使耐葯細胞發生突變

作者：Imane El Meouche, Mary J. Dunlop

鏈接：

摘要：

抗生素抗藥性通常是阻止藥物活性的突變導致的結果。不過，細菌也會通過暫時性地表達基因（比如多葯外排泵）躲避抗生素。

一個關鍵問題在於短暫的抗藥性能否促成永久的基因改變。此前研究證實，抗生素治療可選擇隨後發生突變從而實現穩定抗性的耐受細胞。

不過，這些突變源自抗生素壓力還是提前在種群中存在尚不明確。

為解決這一問題，我們聚焦了多葯泵AcrAB-TolC。利用時間間隔顯微鏡，我們發現擁有較高acrAB表達的細胞表現出DNA錯配修復基因mutS的較低表達、較低生長速率和較高的突變頻率。

因此，來自升高的acrAB表達的短暫抗生物抗藥性能促成單個細胞內的自發性突變。

Abstract

Antibiotic resistance is often the result of mutations that block drug activity; however, bacteria also evade antibiotics by transiently expressing genes such as multidrug efflux pumps. A crucial question is whether transient resistance can promote permanent genetic changes. Previous studies have established that antibiotic treatment can select tolerant cells that then mutate to achieve permanent resistance. Whether these mutations result from antibiotic stress or preexist within the population is unclear. To address this question, we focused on the multidrug pump AcrAB-TolC. Using time-lapse microscopy, we found that cells with higher acrABexpression have lower expression of the DNA mismatch repair gene mutS, lower growth rates, and higher mutation frequencies. Thus, transient antibiotic resistance from elevatedacrABexpression can promote spontaneous mutations within single cells.

基因組學Genomics

Identity inference of genomic data using long-range familial searches

利用大範圍家族搜索的基因組數據身份推斷

作者：Yaniv Erlich, Tal Shor, ItsikPe』er, Shai Carmi

鏈接：

摘要：

消費者基因組學資料庫已經達到上百萬人的規模。

最近，執法機構利用其中一些資料庫通過比較遠的家族親戚辨別出犯罪嫌疑人。利用128萬人的基因組數據，我們探尋了這項技術的威力。

我們預計，約60%的對歐洲後裔個人的尋找將帶來第三代表親或者更加緊密的匹配。理論上，這使得利用人口標識符辨別他們成為可能。更重要的是，該技術在不久的將來能揭示出幾乎任何一個擁有歐洲血統的美國人。

我們證實，該技術還能辨別出一個公共測序項目的研究參與者。基於這些結果，我們提出了針對人類受試者研究的可能的防禦對策和政策建議。

Abstract

Consumer genomics databases have reached the scale of millions of individuals. Recently, law enforcement authorities have exploited some of these databases to identify suspects via distant familial relatives. Using genomic data of 1.28 million individuals tested with consumer genomics, we investigated the power of this technique. We project that about 60% of the searches for individuals of European descent will result in a third-cousin or closer match, which the oretically allows their identification using demographic identifiers. Moreover, the technique could implicate nearly any U.S. individual of European descent in the near future. We demonstrate that the technique can also identify research participants of a public sequencing project. On the basis of these results, we propose a potential mitigation strategy and policy implications for human subject research.

材料學Materials Science

Controlled crack propagation foratomic precisionhandling of wafer-scale two-dimensional materials

針對晶圓級二維材料原子精度處理的受控裂紋處理

作者：Jaewoo Shim, Sang-Hoon Bae, Wei Kong, Doyoon Lee, Kuan Qiao, et al

鏈接：

摘要：

儘管微米尺度的二維（2D）異質結構薄片可通過膠帶剝離方法形成，但將2D薄片分離成單層極其耗費時間，因為這是一個試錯的過程。

由於2D材料上的高成核勢壘，通過直接生長控制2D層數量也存在困難。

我們展示了一項層析2D材料分離技術。該技術通過將生長在單晶圓上的厚厚的2D單層材料進行分離，實現多個晶圓級（直徑為5厘米）單層的大規模生產。

Abstract

Although flakes of two-dimensional (2D) heterostructures at the micrometer scale can be formed with adhesive-tape exfoliation methods, isolation of 2D flakes into monolayers is extremely time consuming because it is a trial-and-error process. Controlling the number of 2D layers through direct growth also presents difficulty because of the high nucleation barrier on 2D materials. We demonstrate a layer-resolved 2D material splitting technique that permits high-throughput production of multiple monolayers of wafer-scale (5-centimeter diameter) 2D materials by splitting single stacks of thick 2D materials grown on a single wafer.

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