歐盟先例！德國出生證明上將多一個性別：雙性人

Germany"s third gender law is celebrated as a revolution. But some say it"s just the first step

德國的第三部性別法被譽為一場革命。但有人說這只是第一步

來源：CNN 翻譯：世界播

Berlin (CNN)By the time Lynn D. turned 2, he had already undergone seven surgeries. His childhood memories -- in the German states of Bavaria and Hesse -- were shaped by monthly visits to the doctor, where he says up to 50 researchers would observe examinations of his naked body.

柏林(CNN)-當林恩D.2歲時，他已經做了七次手術。他的童年記憶-在德國的巴伐利亞州和黑塞州-都是由每月去看醫生形成的。他說，在那裡，多達50名研究人員會觀察他裸體的身體。

When he reached puberty, Lynn was given growth blockers and high doses of hormones; as a teenager, he started self-harming, developed post-traumatic stress disorder and became suicidal.

當他進入青春期時，林恩被給予生長阻滯劑和高劑量激素；在十幾歲的時候，他開始自我傷害，發展創傷後應激障礙，並成為自殺。

Lynn, 34 -- who has asked CNN to identify him by his preferred name -- was born with both male and female sex organs. His doctors and parents decided shortly after he was born that his sex would be female, so his penis and testicles were surgically removed. His ovaries were also removed.

34歲的林恩-他要求CNN使用他自己起的喜歡的名字-出生時有男性和女性性器官。他的醫生和父母在他出生後不久就決定他的性別是女性，所以他的陰莖和睾丸被手術切除。他的卵巢也被切除了。

Doctors had told Lynn"s parents the surgeries were preventative, citing concerns that he could develop cancer, but Lynn says there was no medical reason for him to be operated on and that the surgeries were carried out with a "dubious motivation."

醫生告訴林恩的父母，手術是預防性的，理由是擔心他會患上癌症，但林恩說，他沒有任何醫學理由可以接受手術，手術的動機也是「可疑的」。

"The doctors advised my parents not to tell me about my sex and simply raise me as a girl," Lynn told CNN. "And of course, it didn"t work -- because I"m not a girl."

林恩對CNN說：「醫生建議我的父母不要告訴我的性別，而只是把我撫養成一個女孩。」「當然，這不管用-因為我不是女孩。」

Lynn D. plans to register as intersex on his birth certificate in the new year.

林恩·D.計劃在新年時在他的出生證明上登記為雙性人。

Lynn is intersex, an umbrella term used to describe a variety of conditions in which a person is born with reproductive or sexual anatomy that does not fit into binary definitions of female or male.

林恩是雙性人，一個總括的術語，用來描述一個人出生時所處的各種狀況，在這些條件下，一個人的生殖或性解剖並不符合對女性或男性的二元定義。

"I was labeled a girl; I wanted to be a girl and fit in -- but it did not work. I got along better with boys so I thought, "I"m a boy". But then I realized that I"m not a boy either ... boys also started to marginalize me. I did not have a good connection with my body and nobody helped me to establish a good connection with my body," Lynn said.

「我被貼上了一個女孩的標籤，我想成為一個女孩，並融入其中-但這行不通。」我和男孩相處得更好，所以我想，『我是個男孩』。但後來我意識到我也不是男孩.。男孩們也開始把我邊緣化。我和我的身體沒有很好的聯繫，沒有人幫助我和我的身體建立良好的聯繫，「林恩說。

Lynn only learned that he was intersex during a therapy session at the age of 20. It was a revelation for Lynn, who had struggled to fit in with his peers for so many years.

林恩只有在20歲的在接受治療的時候才知道自己是一個雙性人。這對林恩來說是一個啟示，他多年來一直在努力適應他的同伴。

While it helped him to move forward with his relationship with his own body, Lynn says it damaged his relationship with his parents.

雖然這有助於他與自己身體的關係向前發展，林恩說，這損害了他與父母的關係。

"My body was changed so much to fit in -- whether it happened consciously or unconsciously. The whole experience broke my relationship with my parents. We still have not gotten over this yet," Lynn said.

林恩說：「為了融入群體，我的身體發生了很大的變化-不管是有意識的還是無意識的。整個經歷打破了我和父母的關係。我們還沒有克服這一切。」

When he first learned he was intersex, Lynn said, "it felt like as if someone said I am an alien, you are from someplace else. You are a mutant."

當他第一次得知自己是雙性人時，林恩說：「就好像有人說我是外星人，你來自其他地方，你是變種人。」

"It took me a while to come to terms with my diagnosis and for me to (come to) grips with it. But then I understood -- everything made sense to me. I no longer felt restless. Suddenly I understood who I was."

「我花了一段時間才接受我的診斷，然後我才明白了-一切對我來說都是有意義的。我不再感到不安。突然，我明白了。

More than a decade later, Lynn said he has evolved into an "enormously happy" person, someone who is in a loving relationship with a woman, and who is fulfilled by a career in engineering and gigging in a punk band.

十多年後，林恩說，他已經變成了一個「非常快樂」的人，一個與女人相愛的人，一個在工學領域和朋克樂隊中工作的人。

While Lynn said he accepts being called "him" for now, he wishes that there was a specific German pronoun to describe intersex people, and hopes that society will one day understand what it means to live outside of binary definitions of sex and gender -- and to accept intersex people for who they are.

林恩說，他現在接受被稱為「他」，他希望有一個特殊的德語代詞來描述雙性人，並希望有朝一日社會能夠理解，在性別和性別的二元定義之外生活意味著什麼-並接受他們是什麼樣的人。

A change to the German constitution could be the first step toward that recognition.

德國憲法的修改可能是實現這一承認的第一步。

On January 1, Germany will become the first country in the European Union to offer a "third gender" option on birth certificates.

1月1日，德國將成為歐盟第一個在出生證明上提供「第三性別」選項的國家。

Intersex people -- and parents of intersex babies -- will be able to register as "divers," or miscellaneous, on birth certificates, instead of having to choose between male or female.

雙性人——以及雙性嬰兒的父母——可以在出生證明上登記為「多種性別」或者其他，而不必在男性或女性之間做出選擇。

The law, passed in Germany"s Bundestag earlier this month, was hailed as a "small revolution" by some intersex activists. It came after the 2017 constitutional court ruling in favor of an intersex person"s right?to change their birth certificate from female to "divers."

這項法律於本月早些時候在德國聯邦議院獲得通過，被一些性別活動人士譽為「小型革命」。在此之前，2017年憲法法院做出裁決，支持雙性人有權將出生證明從女性改為「多種性別」。

Last year, Germany"s highest court ruled in favor of Vanja"s rights to officially identify as an intersex person.

去年，德國最高法院裁定Vanja有權正式確認自己是雙性人。

The court ruled that Vanja -- an intersex person who goes by a one-name pseudonym and uses the gender-neutral pronouns "they" and "them" -- had their "right to positive gender recognition" violated and found that the current law was unconstitutional.

法院裁定，Vanja-一個用化名，並且使用中性代詞「他」和「他們」的間性人-在「獲得積極性別認同的權利」受到阻礙，並認為現行法律是違憲的。

Vanja, whose case was supported by advocacy group, "Dritte Option" or, the Third Option, told CNN that having to decide between being a woman or a man on official documents left them feeling "left out and overlooked."

Vanja的案件得到了「第三選項」(Dritte Options)，也稱作 the Third Option，他告訴CNN，必須在官方文件中決定是女性還是男性，讓他們感到「被忽視了」。

While Vanja"s official identification documents said they were female, this led to "a lot of irritations with people" because they presented -- or physically appeared in society -- as male.

雖然Vanja的官方身份證明文件上說她們是女性，但這導致了「很多人的不滿」，因為他們以男性的身份或者在生理上以男性出現在社會上。

Vanja initially considered changing their documents to male, but eventually decided that decision would devalue their identity, which is intersex.

Vanja最初考慮將他們的證件改為男性，但又認為這個決定會貶低他的身份，Vanja最終確認自己為雙性人。

"I thought to myself, if I am going at lengths to change something within the red tape system in Germany, I want to have something that suits me," they said.

他們說：「我心裡想，如果我要在德國的繁文縟節制度中儘力改變一些事情，我想要一些適合我的東西。」

Vanja plans to celebrate the new law by changing their birth certificate category to "divers" in the new year, calling it both a personal and a practical step.

Vanja計劃在新年將他們的出生證類別改為「多種性別」，以此來慶祝新的法律，稱它既是個人的，也是實際的一步。

"I asked myself so many times what it means to be intersex; I often was upset when I had to decide which box to tick -- male or female. I felt (like I was) being pushed into the corner, that I had to adjust non-voluntarily. I think it will give me a new feeling of peace," Vanja said, adding that they hope other countries in Europe will follow suit.

「我問自己很多次，作為一個間性人意味著什麼；當我不得不決定選擇哪個框-男性還是女性-時，我常常心煩意亂。」我感覺(就像被推到了牆角)，我不得不非自願地調整。我認為這將給我一種新的和平的感覺，「Vanja說，並補充說，他們希望其他歐洲國家也這樣做。

Activists from "Dritte Option," or Third Option lobbied since 2014 for a third gender to be officially recognized in Germany.

「Dritte Option」也稱作「第三選項」，活動人士們自2014年以來一直遊說德國正式承認第三種性別。

But, like many in the intersex community, Vanja believes the law is just a stepping stone.

但是，像許多間性人團體的人一樣，Vanja認為這項法律只是一塊墊腳石。

"Societal acceptance cannot be mandated by a court ruling, but it is a step in the right direction," Vanja said.

Vanja說：「法庭裁決不能強制社會接受，但這是朝著正確方向邁出的一步。」

Lynn agrees. While he also plans to register as intersex -- and to officially change his name to Lynn -- he said there are still many steps that need to be taken for intersex people to be "fully integrated into society."

林恩同意。他還計劃登記為異性-並正式改名為林恩-他說，要間性人「完全融入社會」，還需要採取許多措施。

Still, he is hopeful the new law will help to bring attention to the medical treatment of intersex people and open conversations for change.

儘管如此，他仍然希望新的法律將有助於引起人們對兩性人的醫療的關注，並開放對話以尋求改變。

"Ritualized, sexualized violence"

「儀式化的，讓人擁有具有性別特徵的暴力」

Infants born with visible variations in their sexual characteristics, like Lynn, often undergo painful and irreversible surgery to give them the appearance of a conventional male or female gender, according to an Amnesty International report published last year.

根據大赦國際去年發布的一份報告，出生時性別特徵明顯不同的嬰兒，如林恩，通常會接受痛苦和不可逆轉的手術，以使他們看起來像傳統的男性或女性。

The surgeries stem from a theory popularized in the United States in the 1960s by the psychologist John Money, who believed that an intersex person"s make-up was a product of abnormal processes. Money believed that intersex people ought to become either male or female and as a result, were in need of medical treatment.

這些手術源於20世紀60年代由心理學家約翰·錢恩在美國流行的一種理論，他認為間性人的形成是不正常過程的產物。莫尼認為，兩性關係的人應該成為男性或女性，因此，需要醫療。

Although that theory is no longer widely accepted in the medical community, its "echoes can still be found within the medical establishment today," according to the Amnesty report, citing interviews with medical professionals across Denmark, Germany and the UK.

大赦國際的報告援引了丹麥、德國和英國醫療專業人士的採訪，稱儘管這一理論在醫學界已不再被廣泛接受，但其「如今仍能在醫療機構中找到回應」。

Those surgeries stripped Lynn of his bodily autonomy and left him with painful scars.

這些手術剝奪了林恩的身體自主權，給他留下了痛苦的傷疤。

"When they (doctors and parents) talked about my body, I had to go out and leave the room. In hindsight, it was a practice I would now compare with a ritualized, sexualized violence. It was massively traumatizing," Lynn says of his childhood visits to the doctor.

林恩說：「當他們(醫生和父母)談論我的身體時，我不得不出門離開房間。事後看來，我現在會把這種做法比作一種儀式化的性別化暴力。這是一種巨大的創傷，」林恩在談到童年時去看醫生時說。

A group of United Nations and international human rights experts called for "an urgent end to human rights violations against intersex children and adults" in 2016, calling on governments to ban harmful medical practices and protect intersex people from discrimination.

一個聯合國和國際人權專家小組呼籲在2016年「緊急結束對男女兒童和成年人的侵犯人權行為」，呼籲各國政府禁止有害的醫療做法，保護雙性人不受歧視。

Between 0.5% and 1.7% of the global population are born with intersex traits, and are at risk of human rights violations that include surgery, discrimination and torture, according to the UN.

根據聯合國的數據，在全球人口中，有0.5%到1.7%的人生來就具有性別特徵，面臨著包括手術、歧視和酷刑在內的侵犯人權的風險。

In July, a group of European medical experts published a set of new guidelines that urge doctors to defer medically unnecessary surgeries on intersex children until they are old enough to consent. The European consensus said: "For sensitive and/or irreversible procedures, such as genital surgery, we advise that the intervention be postponed until the individual is old enough to be actively involved in the decision whenever possible."

今年7月，一組歐洲醫學專家發布了一套新的指導方針，敦促醫生推遲對性別間兒童進行不必要的醫學手術，直到他們到了可以同意的年齡。歐洲共識說：「對於敏感和(或)不可逆轉的手術，如生殖器手術，我們建議推遲干預，直到個人長大，只要有可能就積极參与這一決定。」

Grietje Baars, a senior lecturer at The City Law School in London, told CNN that while the new law demonstrates a "greater recognition of life beyond the binary," the "third gender" option doesn"t go far enough to fully recognize gender diversity.

倫敦城市法律學院的高級講師格里特耶·巴爾斯告訴CNN，儘管新法律顯示出「對生活的認識超越了二元制」，但「第三種性別」的選擇還不足以充分認識到性別多樣性。

Under the new law, people wanting to change their birth certificate to read "divers" will only be able to do so with a medical certificate to prove it.

根據新的法律，想要將出生證明改為「多樣性別」的人只能通過醫療證明才能做到這一點。

Baars -- who also goes by the gender-neutral pronouns, "they" and "them" -- says that requirement could subject intersex people, who often have a history of "traumatic medical interference with their genitalia" to additional trauma. Plus, Baars says, the medical requirement reinforces an antiquated definition of gender based solely on biology.

Baars-他也使用性別中立的代詞「他們」和「他們」-說這一要求可能會使兩性人遭受額外的創傷，他們通常有「創傷醫學干預生殖器」的歷史。此外，巴爾斯說，醫療要求強化了僅僅基於生物學的過時的性別定義。

"You can not simply decide gender by looking at people"s genitalia," they said, adding that it might be time to remove gender from official documents altogether. While Baars understands that this might sound radical, they argue that "abolishing gender registration does not mean abolishing gender as such."

他們說：「你不能簡單地通過觀察人們的生殖器來決定性別。」他們補充說，現在可能是從官方文件中完全刪除性別的時候了。雖然巴爾斯知道這聽起來可能很激進，但他們認為「廢除性別登記並不意味著廢除性別本身」。

"It"s like abolishing registering your religion or race on your ID or documents -- it does not mean you can no longer be Catholic or black ... those things are not the same. I am just saying that it is no business of the state to register and categorize people in that manner," they said.

他們說：「這就像取消在你的身份證或文件上登記你的宗教或種族-這並不意味著你不能再是天主教徒或黑人…這些事情是不一樣的。我只是說，以這種方式對人進行登記和分類是國家的事情。」

Challenging social norms

挑戰社會常規

Although German law has allowed parents to leave the gender box blank on birth certificates since 2013 -- and this will still be an option under the new legislation -- some experts say parents will still be inclined to choose a more traditional approach, noting that in the two years after the blank box option came into effect, only 12 children were registered without a sex marker in the birth registry.

儘管自2013年以來，德國法律允許父母在出生證明上保留性別框的空白——根據新立法，這仍將是一種選擇——但一些專家表示，父母仍傾向於選擇一種更傳統的做法。他們指出，在空白框選項生效後的兩年內，只有12名兒童在出生登記中沒有性別標記。

Anike Kr?mer, a Ph.D. candidate in gender studies at Germany"s Ruhr-University Bochum, told CNN that she believes that parents of intersex children will have "difficulties" with the choices presented with the new law.

德國波鴻大學性別研究博士候選人阿尼克·克拉默告訴CNN，她相信雙性兒童的父母將在新法律的選擇上遇到「困難」。

"The structure we have right now simply does not allow for parents to embrace this new law. The medical advice is still very conservative and advises to go with the binary system," Kr?mer said.

克拉默說：「我們現在的結構根本不允許父母接受這項新法律。醫療建議仍然非常保守，建議採用二元制。」

Under German law, parents can not generally consent to "feminizing," "masculinizing" or "disambiguation" surgeries, unless it is deemed medically necessary or life threatening, according to the German Inter-ministerial Working Group, IMAG.

根據德國法律，根據德國部際工作組IMAG的說法，父母一般不能同意「女性化」、「男性化」或「消除歧義」手術，除非被認為在醫學上是必要的或危及生命的。

However, the law currently does not ban these surgeries for children too young to consent, and leaves the often ambiguous question of what is deemed surgically necessary up to medical professionals who might continue to characterize intersex people"s bodily traits as disorders.

然而，該法律目前並沒有禁止對年齡太小而不能簽署同意的兒童進行此類手術，而且往往不明確的問題是，在手術上認為什麼是必要的，這取決於可能繼續將雙性人的身體特徵定性為紊亂的醫療專業人員。

Kr?mer says that parents are more concerned with the every day questions their children will face in society: "How do I call my child; which pronoun should I use, what do I tell my neighbor, how do I educate my intersex child?

克拉默說，父母更關心他們的孩子在社會中每天面臨的問題：「我如何稱呼我的孩子；我應該使用哪個代詞；我應該告訴我的鄰居什麼，我如何教育我的雙性孩子？

"Sociologically speaking, parents lack options for action. Apart from medical consultations they often lack alternatives. If there are true alternatives in place -- to address the parents" questions, fears, difficulties and options, to speak with other intersex individuals or other parents of intersex individuals -- then that would make it easier for parents to perhaps choose the third option at the registry entry."

「從社會學角度講，父母缺乏行動選擇。除了醫療諮詢，他們通常沒有其他選擇。如果有真正的替代方案-解決父母的問題、恐懼、困難和選擇，與其他兩性個體或其他性別個體的父母交談-那麼，這將使父母更容易在註冊表條目中選擇第三種選擇。」

"But Germany is not that far yet," Kr?mer said, adding that the law"s medical requirements "misses a chance to create a wider law for more people," and sidelines other individuals who are not intersex but do not identify as only male or female, such as members of the trans community.

「但德國還沒有走那麼遠，」克拉默說。他補充說，這項法律的醫療要求「錯失了為更多人制定更廣泛法律的機會」，並將其他不屬於跨性別但並不只認定為男性或女性的人視而不見，比如跨性別群體的成員。

And she is not alone.

而且她並不是唯一一個。

Markus Ulrich, spokesman for the Lesbian and Gay Federation in Germany, told CNN that the law "does not go far enough to protect people of non-binary identities."

德國同性戀聯合會發言人馬庫斯·烏瑞克告訴CNN，這項法律「不足以保護非二元身份的人」。

Ulrich said that while the law was "a huge step forward in acknowledging more rights and ... visibility for people beyond "man and woman,"" the government effectively ignored an alternative option proposed by the constitutional court last year to abolish gender registration all together -- a more inclusive option for people whose birth sex doesn"t fit their gender identity.

烏爾里希說，儘管這項法律「在承認更多的權利和.人們的知名度方面邁出了巨大的一步，而不僅僅是『男人和女人』，但政府實際上忽略了憲法法院去年提出的一個備選方案，即全部廢除性別登記-對於出生性別不符合其性別認同的人來說，這是一個更具包容性的選擇。」

LGBTQ campaigners say the new law excludes members of the trans community.

LGBTQ的活動人士說，新的法律排除了跨性群體的成員。

A handful of German politicians, including members of the Green Party and the Social Democratic Party, have also criticized the law"s medical certificate stipulation, pointing to other countries that allow people who don"t identify in binary terms to change their official documents to match their gender identity.

包括綠黨和社會民主黨成員在內的少數德國政界人士也對該法的醫療證明規定提出了批評，指出其他國家允許不以二元語言識別身份的人更改官方證件，以符合自己的性別認同。

In 2014, the Australian High Court ruled that the government should legally recognize a third gender. And in 2017, California became the second US state (after New York) to allow residents who don"t identify as male or female to change their birth certificates to match their gender identity.

2014年，澳大利亞高等法院裁定，政府應合法承認第三種性別。2017年，加州成為美國第二個允許不認同男性或女性的居民更改出生證明以符合性別認同的州(僅次於紐約州)。

Several other countries have provided gender-neutral options on passports and official documents such as the census or ID cards, including Argentina, Bangladesh, Canada, Denmark, India, Malta, Nepal, the Netherlands, New Zealand and Pakistan.

其他幾個國家在護照和官方文件(如人口普查或身份證)方面提供了性別中立的選擇，包括阿根廷、孟加拉國、加拿大、丹麥、印度、馬爾他、尼泊爾、荷蘭、紐西蘭和巴基斯坦。

While intersex, trans and other human rights advocates continue to call for Germany"s new law to be made more inclusive, Lynn hopes that at least this first step will help society to understand intersex people better -- and to not be afraid.

儘管雙性、跨性別和其他人權倡導者繼續呼籲德國的新法律更具包容性，林恩希望至少這第一步將有助於社會更好地理解雙性人-而且不要害怕。

"We are all normal people and want to live our lives like others,"" he said.

他說：「我們都是正常人，我們想像其他人一樣過自己的生活。」

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