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戒毒戒酒路漫漫:工作和情感至關重要

論文標題:Factors influencing early withdrawal from a drug and alcohol treatment program and client perceptions of successful recovery and employment: a qualitative study

作者:Tarran Prangley, Sabrina Winona Pit, Trent Rees and Jessica Nealon

數字識別碼:10.1186/s12888-018-1864-y

毒品/酒精的濫用會給社會帶來巨大的經濟和醫療負擔,而加入治療性社群群組會有助於毒品/酒精濫用者的康復。最近在BMC Psychiatry上發表的一項研究進一步表明,成癮戒除的康復之路並不僅僅只需要禁慾而已。

戒毒戒酒路漫漫:工作和情感至關重要

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我們的研究團隊希望弄清楚有哪些因素會影響人們成功戒掉毒品和酒精,甚至使其提前推出治療性社群項目。這個問題的產生也部分來源於我們最近進行的另一項研究,該研究發表在了Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy上。這項研究發現,在加入治療性社群項目時,如果成員對自身的情感狀況感到滿意,那麼他們會更可能提前中止項目。

雖然我們認為這可能是因為他們不想因參加項目而與親人分離,但是我們還是需要進行定性研究才能更好地解釋這個現象。為此,我們採訪了一位曾在澳大利亞地區參與一項長期治療性社群項目的成員(該項目由一個社區康復組織主持)。此外,我們還試圖研究成功戒毒/酒對這些前成員的實際意義以及他們的工作狀況對提早退出和戒斷成功的影響。

所謂成功的康復並不僅僅意味著達到並保持禁慾狀態。 這些前成員們認為減少濫用和持續的治療對康復有積極作用。康復是一條漫長之路,了解這一點對於評估康復狀態非常重要。

前成員們表示,社群性的康復計劃幫助他們加深了對成癮的早期跡象的了解,因而能夠在完全失控前懸崖勒馬。總的來說,他們通過在社群性康復計劃中學到的技能縮短了濫用發作和複發的持續時間。更重要地,對全社會,而不僅僅是成癮的人來說,應當認識到發作持續時間的縮短以及更早地識別成癮跡象都意味著已經患者離成功康復不遠了。

保持工作狀態的作用

我們的研究表明,在參與社群性康復之前、之時、以及之後,工作都能影響藥物成癮。

戒毒戒酒路漫漫:工作和情感至關重要

在參與康復項目前,許多成癮者難以找到或保住工作。對一部分人來說,工作甚至會使得他們出於各種原因而使用毒品,比如在偏遠地區工作時感到孤獨,工作環境節奏過快比如酒吧、俱樂部等,又或者薪酬較高從而足夠的錢來購買毒品。

「我過去在工作方面能力很強,當我失去工作的時候我非常茫然無助。工作對我來說很重要。從我失去工作開始,我便失去了寄託。」

有些人提前中止項目是因為他們覺得必須重新開始工作並且也已經做好了離開的準備。我們的研究發現,能夠開始工作、學習或者做志願者是成功康復的非常重要的因素,因為它增強了自我價值感並強化了能夠以積極的方式回饋社會的成就感。英國的另一項研究也有類似的發現。

「我真的覺得他們可能重獲了一個更好的員工,你能夠理解我的意思嗎?我可能離開了6個月,但現在他們重獲的是一個更好的我。」

維持情感關係的作用

和工作一樣,情感關係也是成功康復並提前中止計劃的有力影響因素。譬如,有的人無法適應項目的強度,而其他人則非常想念他們的家人和朋友。與家人、朋友、同事和社會關係的改善是成功康復的標誌之一。前成員在中止計劃後所取得的成功的人際關係包括與新認識的人建立密切關係、重建已有的關係以及在康復之路上為其他成癮者提供幫助。

「……能夠傾聽並誠實地面對自己……能夠分享他人的故事,做一個傾聽者,並向他們提供支持。」

康復成功還包括過上更健康的生活,具有更健康的心理和生理狀態。這些前成員中有許多人在中止項目後繼續練習瑜伽、冥想,進行體育鍛煉等,而這些技能都是他們在康復項目中學會的。

戒毒戒酒路漫漫:工作和情感至關重要

從政策和治療的角度來看,這項研究表明,應當鼓勵康復項目成員不要僅僅將目光鎖定在保持禁慾狀態上,而是更多地通過學習、志願服務或者找到一份工作來為社會做出積極貢獻。

有些康復計劃的前成員以志願者的身份回到了康復項目中,這為項目成員注入了一針強心劑,讓他們堅信能夠成功戒毒/戒酒。成功的康復需要充分的支持和安全的環境。

摘要:

Background

Substance use disorders are a major contributor to the economic and healthcare burden in Australia. Therapeutic communities (TCs) are utilised treatment methods globally, though low program completion rates continue to represent a major obstacle in effective and sustainable drug and alcohol treatment. The aim of this study was to explore reasons for early withdrawal from TC programs and perceptions of successful recovery. This study also aimed to explore how employment and volunteering related to early exit and perceptions of successful recovery.

Methods

Semi-structured qualitative interviews were conducted with 13 ex-residents from a long-term TC program at a community-based rehab organisation in regional Australia.

Results

Thematic analysis revealed a complex interplay of factors contributing to early TC withdrawal, and perceptions of successful recovery from a lived experience perspective and how this was shaped by employment and volunteering. Eleven themes were identified. Three relating to reasons for joining the program, which connected with ultimate withdrawal from the program: Pre-program existing relationships, pre-program employment situation and needing a 『circuit breaker』 in their life. Three relating to reasons for early withdrawal: TC program characteristics, relationships during the program and planning future employment. Five relating to perceptions of successful recovery: Improved understanding of their addiction, reduced substance use, improved physical and psychological health, relationship success and employment success.

Conclusions

Reasons for leaving treatment early are multi-faceted and revolve around relationships, planning future employment and program characteristics. The influence that each plays on their decision to leave early is varied and determined by the value they assign it. Perceived success extends far beyond achieving and maintaining abstinence to encompass improved relationships, psychological and physical wellbeing, understanding of addiction and employment, studying or volunteering. Self-worth and feeling able to contribute to society through employment, study and volunteering were perceived to be essential elements of successful recovery. Clinicians, policy makers and program developers should use the extended definition of successful recovery from the ex-clients perspective when determining the clinical and economic effectiveness of TC programs.

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期刊介紹:

BMC Psychiatry(https://bmcpsychiatry.biomedcentral.com/,2.419 -2-year Impact Factor,3.148 -5-year Impact Factor) is an open access, peer-reviewed journal that considers articles on all aspects of the prevention, diagnosis and management of psychiatric disorders, as well as related molecular genetics, pathophysiology, and epidemiology.

(來源:BMC Psychiatry)

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