《科學》（20190301出版）一周論文導讀

知識 03-03

翻譯 | 唐一塵

Science, 01 March 2019, VOL 363, ISSUE 6430

《科學》2019年3月1日，第6430期363卷

《科學》（20190301出版）一周論文導讀

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電氣Electrical

Binodal, wireless epidermal electronic systems with in-sensor analytics for neonatal intensive care

新無線系統用於新生兒重症監護

作者：Ha Uk Chung、Bong Hoon Kim、Jong Yoon Lee、Jungyup Lee、Zhaoqian Xie，et al

鏈接：

http://science.sciencemag.org/content/363/6430/eaau0780

摘要：

在通常情況下，早產兒尤其需要得到持續仔細的生命體征監護，因為他們的健康格外脆弱。為了達到這一持續性護理的水平，通常需要使用附著於嬰兒皮膚的多個感測器和電極，而後者通過連線與周圍的醫療儀器相連。但這些連接網路會對其他類型的臨床治療或檢測造成干擾，而電極也會損傷嬰兒脆弱的皮膚。此外，它們會阻礙肌膚接觸，使得父母無法抱新生的孩子。

在此，研究人員研發了一種無線且無需電池的生命體征監測系統，它使用超薄型的皮膚樣感測器，後者僅用水就能輕柔地附著於新生兒敏感的皮膚上。初步測試及正在進行的臨床研究顯示，它的功效堪比具最先進臨床標準的檢測系統。

Abstract

Existing vital sign monitoring systems in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) require multiple wires connected to rigid sensors with strongly adherent interfaces to the skin. We introduce a pair of ultrathin, soft, skin-like electronic devices whose coordinated, wireless operation reproduces the functionality of these traditional technologies but bypasses their intrinsic limitations. The enabling advances in engineering science include designs that support wireless, battery-free operation; real-time, in-sensor data analytics; time-synchronized, continuous data streaming; soft mechanics and gentle adhesive interfaces to the skin; and compatibility with visual inspection and with medical imaging techniques used in the NICU. Preliminary studies on neonates admitted to operating NICUs demonstrate performance comparable to the most advanced clinical-standard monitoring systems.

地球/氣候Geoscience/ Climate

Revised paleoaltimetry data show low Tibetan Plateau elevation during the Eocene

數據顯示始新世青藏高原海拔較低

作者：Svetlana Botsyun、Pierre Sepulchre、Yannick Donnadieu、Camille Risi，et al

鏈接：

http://science.sciencemag.org/content/363/6430/eaaq1436

摘要：

有研究利用穩定同位素古高度法對青藏高原進行了古地形重建，認為青藏高原目前的大部分高度早在始新世（約4000萬年前）就已達到。然而，大氣和水文動力學的變化會影響氧穩定同位素的含量，從而可能使這種重建產生偏差。

本研究使用了裝備同位素的一般環流模型來評估始新世古地理和氣候變化對古高度估算的影響。模擬結果表明，由於對流降水增加、氣團混合和大面積乾旱的共同作用，穩定同位素古高度測量方法不適用於始新世亞洲。相反，一個模型—數據比較表明青藏高原在始新世只達到了低到中等（不到3000米）的海拔高度。

Abstract

Paleotopographic reconstructions of the Tibetan Plateau based on stable isotope paleoaltimetry methods conclude that most of the Plateau』s current elevation was already reached by the Eocene, ~40 million years ago. However, changes in atmospheric and hydrological dynamics affect oxygen stable isotopes in precipitation and may thus bias such reconstructions. We used an isotope-equipped general circulation model to assess the influence of changing Eocene paleogeography and climate on paleoelevation estimates. Our simulations indicate that stable isotope paleoaltimetry methods are not applicable in Eocene Asia because of a combination of increased convective precipitation, mixture of air masses, and widespread aridity. Rather, a model-data comparison suggests that the Tibetan Plateau only reached low to moderate (less than 3000 meters) elevations during the Eocene, reconciling oxygen isotope data with other proxies.

Impacts of historical warming on marine fisheries production

歷史上的氣候變暖對海洋漁業生產的影響

作者：Christopher M. Free、James T. Thorson、Malin L. Pinsky、Kiva L. Oken，et al

鏈接：

http://science.sciencemag.org/content/363/6430/979

摘要：

海洋已經成為全球的重要食物來源及對快速增長人群的經濟支持。然而，管理不良的漁場和幾十年來的強烈的過度捕撈將許多種魚置於高壓之下。更重要的是，這些魚中有許多還受到全球氣候變化所致的海洋持續暖化的影響，後者對漁業的總體影響仍然基本未知。

本研究用溫度特異性模型分析了1930~2010年的溫度驅動的漁獲量變化。研究人員對全球海洋中的124個物種中的235個種群進行了評估，它們代表了所報告的全球漁獲量的約33%。儘管結果顯示全球漁場的總體產量下降（某些區域的損失高達35%），但溫度的改變對某些魚種的影響要高於其他魚種。儘管某些魚群會經受負面衝擊，但另外一些魚群則預計可能會有正面反應。此外，結果提示，歷史性的過度捕撈會放大氣候變化的負面影響。

Abstract

Climate change is altering habitats for marine fishes and invertebrates, but the net effect of these changes on potential food production is unknown. We used temperature-dependent population models to measure the influence of warming on the productivity of 235 populations of 124 species in 38 ecoregions. Some populations responded significantly positively (n = 9 populations) and others responded significantly negatively (n = 19 populations) to warming, with the direction and magnitude of the response explained by ecoregion, taxonomy, life history, and exploitation history. Hindcasts indicate that the maximum sustainable yield of the evaluated populations decreased by 4.1% from 1930 to 2010, with five ecoregions experiencing losses of 15 to 35%. Outcomes of fisheries management—including long-term food provisioning—will be improved by accounting for changing productivity in a warmer ocean.

空間Space

Impact craters on Pluto and Charon indicate a deficit of small Kuiper belt objects

冥王星和冥衛一撞擊坑揭示了柯伊伯帶小星體的缺乏

作者：K. N. Singer、W. B. McKinnon、B. Gladman、S. Greenstreet、E. B. Bierhaus，et al

鏈接：

http://science.sciencemag.org/content/363/6430/955

摘要：

柯伊伯帶是位於太陽系邊緣處的一個巨大的循軌道運行的光環樣星體碎片。儘管柯伊伯帶是數個大型星體（如像冥王星等矮行星）之家，但人們對直徑小於100公里的柯伊伯帶星體的分布所知甚少，這些星體是太陽系形成的殘餘物。而冥王星和其冥衛一衛星在數十億年中通過與較小的柯伊伯帶星體撞擊而形成了隕石坑。

本研究用新視野飛船在2015年飛越時的詳細圖片對冥王星和冥衛一上的隕石坑進行了繪測以確定對其造成撞擊的柯伊伯帶星體的大小。在將近來的地質學過程（它們可抹掉較早的撞擊隕石坑）納入考慮後，研究人員在冥王星和冥衛一的表面上發現了至少40億年之久的隕石坑，揭示了直徑小於13公里的隕石坑的匱乏。這些發現與傳統的碰撞平衡中的星體群不一致，相反，它們可能表明了柯伊伯帶的原初性質——它們是來自太陽系最早期的碰撞較少的演化遺物。

Abstract

The flyby of Pluto and Charon by the New Horizons spacecraft provided high-resolution images of cratered surfaces embedded in the Kuiper belt, an extensive region of bodies orbiting beyond Neptune. Impact craters on Pluto and Charon were formed by collisions with other Kuiper belt objects (KBOs) with diameters from ~40 kilometers to ~300 meters, smaller than most KBOs observed directly by telescopes. We find a relative paucity of small craters ?13 kilometers in diameter, which cannot be explained solely by geological resurfacing. This implies a deficit of small KBOs (?1 to 2 kilometers in diameter). Some surfaces on Pluto and Charon are likely ?4 billion years old, thus their crater records provide information on the size-frequency distribution of KBOs in the early Solar System.

生物學Biology

Motor cortical control of vocal interaction in neotropical singing mice

運動皮層對熱帶歌唱鼠「交流」的控制

作者：Daniel E. Okobi Jr、Arkarup Banerjee、Andrew M. M. Matheson、Steven M. Phelps、Michael A. Long

鏈接：

http://science.sciencemag.org/content/363/6430/983

摘要：

為了與其他人進行成功對話，我們必須聆聽他們的言辭、解讀其意思並接著用我們自己的陳述做出恰當回應。這一過程需要對感官提示和肌肉反應做近乎即刻的協調，然而，人們對有關感覺運動轉換的基礎機制所知甚少，而這些轉換令基於說話或聲音交換的社會性互動成為可能。

阿爾斯通唱歌鼠是中美洲雲霧林中的一種能大聲發音的小型嚙齒動物，它們會用其競爭性的二重唱來挑戰競爭者，即每隻歌唱鼠會依次用它們獨特的高聲調快速地互歌。研究人員對令唱歌鼠的這種對抗性歌唱行為成為可能的基礎神經元網路進行了研究。

通過追蹤兩隻小鼠相互歌唱時腦與肌肉間的電信號，科學家發現了產生每首歌音符所需的與控制肌肉有關的運動皮層區域。在運動皮層（即發聲運動皮層）內確認的另一功能性活動「熱點」被發現可介導進行快速準確聲音互動所需的感覺運動的迅捷轉化。

Abstract

Like many adaptive behaviors, acoustic communication often requires rapid modification of motor output in response to sensory cues. However, little is known about the sensorimotor transformations that underlie such complex natural behaviors. In this study, we examine vocal exchanges in Alston』s singing mouse (Scotinomys teguina). We find that males modify singing behavior during social interactions on a subsecond time course that resembles both traditional sensorimotor tasks and conversational speech. We identify an orofacial motor cortical region and, via a series of perturbation experiments, demonstrate a hierarchical control of vocal production, with the motor cortex influencing the pacing of singing behavior on a moment-by-moment basis, enabling precise vocal interactions. These results suggest a systems-level framework for understanding the sensorimotor transformations that underlie natural social interactions.

材料Material

Interface and heterostructure design in polyelemental nanoparticles

多元納米粒子的界面和異質結構設計

作者：Peng-Cheng Chen、Mohan Liu、Jingshan S. Du、Chad A. Mirkin，et al

鏈接：

http://science.sciencemag.org/content/363/6430/959

摘要：

形成異質結構的納米材料在催化、等離子體學和電子學中都有應用。現在科學家可以通過多種途徑合成多元素納米顆粒，但是人們對如何在這些結構中形成熱力學相，以及如何設計和合成它們之間的特定界面，仍然知之甚少。

研究人員探索了鈀錫合金如何與已知但具有複雜相容性的金屬形成混合相。合成了含有7種元素的納米顆粒，其中許多形成了由三界面或兩界面結構組成的三相異質結構。研究人員還確定了觀察的相表面和界面能量之間的平衡，並建立了設計規則來製造具有特殊異質結構的多元素體系，包括具有多達6個連接的四相納米顆粒。

Abstract

Nanomaterials that form as heterostructures have applications in catalysis, plasmonics, and electronics. Multielement nanoparticles can now be synthesized through a variety of routes, but how thermodynamic phases form in such structures and how specific interfaces between them can be designed and synthesized are still poorly understood. We explored how palladium-tin alloys form mixed-composition phases with metals with known but complex miscibilities. Nanoparticles with up to seven elements were synthesized, and many form triphase heterostructures consisting of either three-interface or two-interface architectures. Density functional theory calculations and experimental work were used to determine the balance between the surface and interfacial energies of the observed phases. From these observations, design rules have been established for making polyelemental systems with specific heterostructures, including tetraphase nanoparticles with as many as six junctions.

《科學》（20190301出版）一周論文導讀