數百萬英國人不知道親爹是誰，親子鑒定人員都要犯尷尬癌了！

Up to one in TEN Britons "don"t know who their real father is": Health boss reveals shocking statistic from DNA tests for hereditary illness- and doctors DON"T reveal truth to patients

多達十分之一的英國人「不知道自己的親生父親是誰」：衛生部主管公布令人震驚的遺傳疾病DNA檢測數據——且醫生不會向病人透露真相

來源：每日郵報 翻譯：世界播

Genetic tests carried out by medical professionals are revealing that up to one-in-10 people in the UK don』t have the father they think, a top health boss has revealed.

英國一位衛生部高級主管日前透露，醫學專業人士進行的基因測試顯示，多達十分之一的英國人和父親並非親生關係。

Ian Cumming, Chief executive of Health Education England, said that the situation is raising a number of difficult questions for the health services.

英格蘭健康教育部首席執行官伊恩?卡明表示，這種情況給衛生服務機構帶來了許多難題。

The Chairman of the NHS Leadership Board for England also explained that people are not currently told if genetic tests within families highlight a case of paternal discrepancy as it was simply an 『incidental finding』 of the procedure.

英國國民健康保險制度領導委員會主席還解釋說，目前如果家庭內部的基因測試顯示親子關係有差異，是不會告知當事人的，以防這只是這個程序的「偶然發現」。

But, with whole genome sequencing likely to be widely available in the next 10 years, he said it was a "moral quandry" that needed solving.

但他說，隨著全基因組測序可能在未來10年得到廣泛應用，這是一個需要解決的「道德難題」。

Speaking at Hay Festival in Hay-on-Wye, Wales, he said: 『The other issue which, this is a true figure out of Manchester University, if you look at people that have had genetic tests within families for reasons other than trying to work out paternity, for one-in-10 people your dad isn』t who you think it is.

在威爾士海伊小鎮的海伊文學藝術節上，他說：「另一個問題，這是曼徹斯特大學的真實數字，如果你去調查那些家庭內部進行基因測試的人（除了為了確定親子關係之外），會發現有十分之一的人和父親不是親生關係。」

『Now, at the moment this is an incidental finding of genetic tests, we don』t tell people because it』s an uncertain finding.

「目前，這只是基因測試的偶然發現，我們不會告訴人們，因為這是一個不確定的發現。」

『Are we going to tell people 「that』s not your dad」 or are we going to keep that information to ourselves within the health service?

「我們是該告訴人們『那不是你爸爸』，還是該把這些信息保密？」

『I don』t think that would be acceptable ethically in this country.』

「我認為站在本國的道德立場上，這是不可接受的。」

Research released in 2005 looked at paternal discrepancy – when a child is identified as being biologically fathered by someone other than the man who believes he is the father.

2005年發布的一項研究關注的是親子關係的差異——一個孩子被鑒定為某個人親生，但他的生父不是那個認為自己是生父的人。

Rates varied between studies carried out from 0.8 per cent to 30 per cent.

在進行的研究中，這一比例從0.8%到30%不等。

It also found that those who conceive younger, live in deprivation, or are in long term relationships - rather than marriages, or in certain cultural groups - were at a higher risk of having a child with paternal discrepancy.

該研究還發現，那些更早懷孕、生活在貧困之中、或處於長期關係（並非指婚姻或某些文化群體）的人，生下與父親有差異的孩子的風險更高。

At the time the study warned that increasing paternity testing and use of DNA techniques in clinical and judicial procedures meant more cases were likely to be identified.

當時，該研究警告說，越來越多的親子鑒定和在臨床和司法程序中使用DNA技術意味著可能會有更多的案例被確認。

The issue was raised during a discussion about long-term changes the NHS must make to keep up with a changing society.

這一問題是在一次討論中提出的，討論的主題是英國國民健康保險制度必須做出的長期改革，以跟上不斷變化的社會。

Professor Cumming said one thing that needed to be considered was the increasing demand for and ability to carry out whole genome sequencing.

卡明教授說，需要考慮的一件事是，對全基因組測序的需求和能力不斷增加。

While it allows the ability to warn people they have a genetically increased risk of developing certain illness, such as breast cancer, it also raises moral questions about when and whether to tell patients.

雖然全基因組測序能夠提醒人們，他們在基因上有增加患某些疾病（如乳腺癌）風險，但它也提出了何時以及是否告訴患者的道德問題。

He explained: 『Within the next 10 years we will probably be whole genome sequencing 100 per cent of the population who wish to be sequenced.

他解釋說：「在未來10年內，我們可能會對所有希望測序的人進行全基因組測序。」

『That will start giving us all sorts of information about probability of people developing particular conditions, particular diseases.

「這將為我們提供關於人們患上特定疾病的可能性等各種信息。」

『It will allow us to predict when they may happen. It may in cases allow preventative actions to be taken.

「我們能夠藉此預測疾病何時會發生。在某些情況下，可能還可以採取預防措施。」

『Certainly it will allow individuals to be kept a closer eye on.

「當然，個人也能受到更密切的關注。」

『But it is not without controversy, if we are able to predict someone has an increased chance of developing breast cancer when do you tell them?

「但這並不是沒有爭議的，如果我們能夠預測某人患乳腺癌的幾率會增加，那應該什麼時候告訴她們？」

『Do you tell their parents when they』re born? Do you tell them when they』re 12, 14, 16, 18?

「你會在孩子出生時就告訴他們的父母嗎？還是在他們12、14、16、18歲時告訴他們？」

『Do people want to know? There』s a whole host of complexity around the ethics of this.』

「人們想知道嗎？其中有一堆複雜的倫理道德問題。」

The NHS may carry out genetic tests to diagnose a condition, establish whether someone is likely to develop one or determine if they carry a genetic mutation.

英國國家醫療服務體系可能會進行基因測試來診斷，確定某人是否有可能患上一種疾病，或者確定他們是否攜帶有基因突變。」

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