《星球大戰》：「邪典」還是不「邪典」，這是一個問題

知識 06-03

豆瓣時間圖文專欄《邪典電影本紀》更新第24期，來自倫敦的戲劇人、資深電影與漫畫極客David House，為你娓娓講述他眼中星戰與邪典的淵源。

本期開放免費試讀，全文附上，愛星戰文化的你不容錯過~！

本期你將讀到：

一個英國極客與《星球大戰》不得不說的青春故事

「星戰」與超級英雄都曾是「邪典」，然而通過衍生品消費，「邪典」被主流收編

《星球大戰》的家庭話語敘事內核與西方觀眾的情感印刻

譯 / 栗色雪

What quantifies a cult movie? Is it the alternative? Adistinct oddness? Sometimes it』s the film』s relative obscurity. But always,there』s an unwavering loyal fan-base who will like a film regardless of itscritical and creative merit. Does StarWars qualify as a cult film? Certainly there』s cult devotion. One sect offans will even say their religion is Jedi.Star Wars has lost much of its cult status as it has essentially taken overthe world. But a long time ago in a decade now far, far away, Star Wars was a cult phenomenon. Anunusual blend of science fiction and fantasy by a relatively unknown filmmakerand a principally unknown cast. Star Wars would generate a level of cultishdevotion that few properties, if any, have reached. It』s that hard core devotionfrom its fans that maintains Star Wars』 cult status.

是什麼定義了一部「邪典」電影？非主流（alternative）？光怪陸離？晦澀難懂？有一點毋庸置疑，即堅守的忠實粉絲基礎，無論外界對影片的藝術價值評論幾何。《星球大戰》夠格當一部「邪典」電影嗎？誠然，它擁有如邪教般狂熱的粉絲群體（其中一部分人甚至稱自己的宗教信仰是絕地武士）。當《星球大戰》逐漸佔領全球市場，「邪典」的光芒隨之逐漸消散。但是在很久很久之前，銀河系的某個角落，《星球大戰》曾是一個「邪典」現象，一部由一個當時名不見經傳的導演和卡司班底拍攝出的、超乎尋常的科幻片與幻想片的混合體。《星球大戰》衍生出的「邪典」式的龐大追隨者數量，是影史上鮮有其他影片能夠企及的。

But Star Wars has transcended cult. It has practicallybecome a fairy-tale in the west. A modern day folk tale that people share withtheir children and their children share with them, passing down through thegenerations. In the East, May the 4th could be Buddha』s birthday, overin the West, it』s Star Wars Day and to many a westerner, it is a day ofcelebration.

但是「星戰」變成了一種超驗的「邪典」，事實上它已經稱為西方世界家喻戶曉的「童話」，一個代代相傳的民間故事。在東方，五月四日可能是佛祖的生日[按一些亞洲地區的演算法，佛祖的生日是農曆五月初八，按公曆則有時會落在五月四日。比如2015年東南亞的佛誕就是五月四日]；在西方，它是「星戰日」，慶典之日。

Only I like Star Wars! No one else is cool and edgyenough to get it like I do!

「沒人像我一樣喜歡《星球大戰》，我才是最酷的那個！」

My first memory of Star Wars was at Christmas. EmpireStrikes Back was on ITV. I was playing with my Marvel superhero toys. I guess Iwas about five or six years old. Iron Man was taking on Spidey and Venom in abox of Roses Cadbury chocolates. We hadn』t caught the beginning of the moviebut had got it from when the AT AT Walkers were just gearing up to destroy theHoth base. The first Rebel loss that would spell out the tone of the wholemovie; the dark one in the Star Wars story. It didn』t take long for me to dropmy superhero toys and leave Iron Man buried in gold, silver and purple sweetwrappers. Like Disney, I may have dabbled with superheroes, but it was StarWars that would really be the biggest thing to consume my world.

首次觸電《星球大戰》，是個聖誕節。《星球大戰2：帝國反擊戰》（Star Wars: Empire Strikes Back）正在電視上播放著。五、六歲的我正沉浸在我的漫威玩具中，鋼鐵俠托著蜘蛛俠，毒蜘蛛倒在巧克力盒子里。我錯過了電影的開頭，但是碰巧看到了ATAT Walker正在摧毀虎斯基地（Hoth base）。這場殘酷的反擊戰第一次勾勒出了「星戰」系列的暗黑基調，沒多久我就丟開了手中的玩具，完全被它奪去了注意力——我或許會涉獵迪士尼的超級英雄，但是只有《星球大戰》才能讓我交付身心。

My brother was nine years older than me. He was bornin 』77 and was a true Star Wars boy. He had the original toys. Those scrawnyfigures and incredible vehicles. He had posters, a cuddly teddy bear Ewok andStar Wars pillows.

我哥哥長我九歲（出生於1977年），他才是名副其實的「星戰」少年。他收集最初代的星戰玩具（粗糙得有些慘不忍睹）、各式各樣的海報、一隻伊沃克族（Ewok）泰迪熊和「星戰」枕頭。

Star Wars had always been there. But it was thisChristmas afternoon where Star Wars grabbed me. I remember the crashed SnowSpeeder, Luke jumping out of the way of the AT AT』s landing foot and thensinglehandedly taking out an AT AT Walker by grappling up underneath, slicing ahole inside with his lightsabre and throwing a thermal detonator inside. Iremember the 『Gee whiz that got him!』 the Hoth Wampa and of course the Luke andVader battle and the incredible revelation,『No Luke, I am your father.』Perhaps one of the most popular scenes in allWestern cinema.

《星球大戰》一直在我們的成長背景中，直到那個聖誕節，它徹底走入了我生活的台前。我記得翻到的雪地戰車（Snow Speeder）；盧克在AT AT的巨掌下閃躲奔跑，光劍從它身下斬出一個洞從而一人幹掉一架AT AT；記得雪地怪獸丸帕（Wampa）；以及西方電影史上最經典的一幕：達斯·維達的那句「我是你爸爸（I am your father）」。

Of course Star Wars isn』t really cult cinema. Notanymore. Once you』ve sold your movie rights to the biggest company in the worldfor four billion dollars, you can』t really call yourself a cult director. Butthere was a time long ago when the prospect of being the world』s mostfinancially successful filmmaker did indeed seem far, far away to Mr. GeorgeLucas. Star Wars was a gamble. A space opera about a farmer come Galactic hero.It was a fairy tale in space which seemed quirky and out there, as all cultcinema is. And when we consider cult cinema and the personal connection itsaudience feels for their favourite cult film, what better example is there thanwhat impact Star Wars has on its biggest fans? Recent research has revealedthat the average Star Wars fan will spend about ￡800 on Star Wars. This will bethrough multiple screenings, events, costumes, furniture, Tupperware andgeneral household items, cleaning products and unfortunate tattoos. Or growingup collecting at least one toy of every single character (and vehicle) in everysingle frame of at least one of the currently eight movies, not to mentionvarious TV shows, videogames, novelizations and comic books.

時至今日，誠然《星球大戰》早已脫離了「邪典」電影的範疇。一旦你把你的電影以四千萬美元的價格賣給了世界上最大的電影公司，你就很難再稱自己是位「邪典」導演了。但是曾幾何時，「世界最賺錢的導演」頭銜對於喬治·盧卡斯先生而言仍是天書奇談，《星球大戰》像一場孤注一擲的豪賭。一部關於窮小子成長為銀河系英雄的太空歌劇（spaceopera），一個發生在太空世界的古怪童話，70年代尾聲，還有什麼比這更「邪典」？同時，考慮到個體與「邪典」電影之間的情感聯繫，《星球大戰》也是諸多粉絲當仁不讓的精神故鄉。最新的調查數據顯示：「星戰」粉絲人均投入大約800英鎊。這些支出包括反覆進電影院觀看的票價、聚會慶典的票價，衍生的服飾、傢具、特百惠（Tupperware）以及其他的居家產品，乃至紋身。或者在成長的過程中至少八部作品[指正傳三部曲，前傳三部曲，以及《星球大戰7：原力覺醒》與外傳《俠盜一號》，共八部]中每個重要角色（或者飛行器）的手辦玩具要收集一個，更別提數不清的電視劇、電子遊戲、漫畫小說等等周邊產品。

（我與我哥哥、我外甥兩代人的「星戰」玩具收藏大匯總）

Now, in the west at least,EVERYONE likes Star Wars.If you don』t, you』re the weird one.In fact, it』s more cult, to not likeStar Wars. In our post truth, post cult Star Wars age you don』t know if peopleare telling the truth when they say they don』t like The Force Awakens, or ifthey』re just saying it to be alternative. The Force Awakens is too Disneyfiedthey』ll say; a cheap rehash of a New Hope to win over new fans. They willhowever love Rogue One, the alternative, edgier Star Wars film, the cult StarWars of the now Disney owned mainstream Star Wars saga. Star Wars has lost itsedge, its unique cult status. It has become a fully commercial product. Forsome, no longer is it really Star Wars.

在今日的西方社會，人人都愛「星戰」，不喜歡的人才是怪咖。事實上，現在不喜歡星戰的人貌似更有「邪典」氣質。在我們身處的多重真相、後「星戰」邪典化的時代，你搞不清人們說自己不喜歡《原力覺醒》（TheForce Awakens）是出於真心還是故作高冷。他們聲稱《原力覺醒》過於迪士尼化，是對《新希望》（New Hope）的廉價復刻，試圖吸引腦殘的年輕人觀眾。但是他們或許會對《俠盜一號》（Rogue One）青眼有加，這部邊緣感更強的「星戰」作品，在迪士尼控股的主流作品中顯得有些不一樣。對於一部分鐵粉而言，《星球大戰》已經喪失了邊緣的邪典性，而變成徹頭徹尾的消費社會文化商品，更嚴重地說，重啟的「星戰」已然不再是「星戰」。

That』s not only an opinion among the elite, orhighbrow of Star Wars fandom, but also of its original creator. After therelease of The Force Awakens, GeorgeLucas lamented on his decision to sell StarWars off to the highest bidder. In a somewhat awkward interview he toldAmerican talk show host Charlie Rose 「These were my kids … all the Star Wars films … and I sold them to thewhite slavers who take these things.」 He also said that his own version of thenew Star Wars films was rejected by Disney and what we now have are no longerhis stories:

上述觀點並不只是來自精英人群，或者愛賣弄的「原教旨主義」鐵粉，「星戰之父「本人也是這樣認為的。《原力覺醒》上映之後，喬治·盧卡斯曾悲嘆過自己把《星球大戰》賣給競價最高者的決定。在一次脫口秀節目上，他有些彆扭地對主持人CharlieRose坦言：「它們是我的孩子……所有的『星戰』作品……然而我卻把它們賣給了白人奴隸主。」他也爆料自己版本的新「星戰」故事劇本被迪士尼否決了，現在的版本和自己一毛錢關係都沒有：

「They looked at the stories, and they said, 『We want to make something for the fans … They decided they didn』t want to use those stories, they decided they were going to do their own thing. … They weren』t that keen to have me involved anyway … And so I said, 『OK, I will go my way, and I』ll let them go their way.」

「它們看了故事大綱，說：『我們想做一部討好粉絲的作品……』最終他們否決了我的故事，決定自己開發點新的內容……他們也不是很想讓我參與，然後我說：『行，拿去吧，你走你的陽關道，我過我的獨木橋』。」

It』s a sad thing to consider that the new filmsare no longer George Lucas』 stories, but while George Lucas may lament the masscommercialisation of his spiritual children, it was a process that he himselfhad started long before he sold Star Wars to Disney.

喬治·盧卡斯的讓位令人扼腕，但是「星戰」的商業化進程卻遠早於迪士尼的這次併購。

（2016年「星戰慶典」英國ExCel會場）

（2016年「星戰慶典」作者在現場）

Toys, toys, toys! The great Star Wars revival and theemergence of Cult into the mainstream.

玩具總動員：《星球大戰》的復興與「邪典」被主流的收編

In 1996 when I was ten, pretty bored of my brother』sold Star Wars toys, with their paint fading and collecting dust, I saw somebrand new and shiny toys of Luke Skywalker and Han Solo in the home retailstore, Westgate House. Made by Kenner, these toys were pretty strange. Luke,Han and even Leia were freakishly muscular. I guess it was to cash in on themacho boys』 toys and fandoms of the time.

十歲的時候（90年代中）不滿足於我哥哥褪色和灰塵滿布的玩具，我開始了自己的「星戰」收藏。Westgate零售商店裡，躺著嶄新的盧克、韓和蕾婭。由Kenner生廠商生產，這些玩具看起來出奇得健美，我想著或許是為了迎合當時的「猛男」審美（macho boys』 toys，想來阿諾·施瓦星格也是彼時正當紅，譯者注）。

（九十年代渾身肌肉的「猛男風」《星球大戰》人物手辦）

What』s more, lots of children, like me, with olderbrothers and action loving dads, had been brought up on a macho movie diet of80』s cult action. Back in the glory days of VHS, many movies were not certifiedwhen they came out for home release, meaning you could get away with lettingyour kids watch all manner of inappropriate cult stuff from the 80』s and early90』s. Any given day in my childhood, I』d watch cult action classics like Commando, Terminator, Predator, Rambo, Alienand Robocop. These were my action heroes. Larger than life characters.Musclebound beefcakes taking on incredible odds. But for Star Wars, whose characters were certainly not of the 80』s and 90』saction hero variety, thesemuscle bound action figures were pretty strange.

和我情況很像的同齡人（家中有一個兄長和喜歡動作片的老爹），看盡了80年代如浪潮般的「邪典」動作片。錄像帶（VHS）的「黃金時代」，很多影片因為無法通過大銀幕的審查，所以轉戰家庭影院發行，這也意味著讓小孩觀看這些不太合適的血腥暴力的父母得以免責。《魔鬼司令》（Commando）、《終結者》（Terminator）、《鐵血戰士》（Predator）、《蘭博》（Rambo）、《異形》（Alien）和《機械戰警》（Robocop）都屬於那個時代，主角儘是渾身腱子肉的猛男，擺著在現在看起來誇張而古怪的造型，卻是我心中的偶像。然而，顯而易見，「星戰」的角色並不適用於這個範疇，因此讓這些玩具看起來古怪非常。

The toys were there because Star Wars was about to bere-released in the cinemas with updated effects and added scenes. Star Wars was no longer going to be athing that I adopted from my dad and older brother』s cult devotion, much likethe action heroes were. It was about to be renewed, remolded for the newgeneration. In short, Star Wars was about to become mine. And I had to haveevery single toy there was. No matter how freakishly muscular.

這些肌肉造型的「星戰」玩具的面世，是因為90年代「星戰」試圖重新發行，新的版本增添了一些特效和補充鏡頭。Kenner生產商很清楚自己的動機，銷售了兩年就全線停產，「飢餓營銷」的方式使得大多數小朋友軟磨硬泡希望家長能夠掏錢讓自己集齊這套人物手辦。即便這套新版手辦不完美，卻迎合了八零後開始建立自己的星戰玩具收藏的心理需求——不必再跟在兄長身後亦步亦趨，而是藉此融入自己對「星戰」的全新想像與詮釋。

Star Wars was back and about to be bigger than ever,and alongside it, sci-fi and cult cinema in general would become huge businessin the 90s. The truth is cult exploded in the 90s, when the alternative, thestrange, cult, would increasingly become more and more popular. This wasa gradual trend which in some ways started as far back as the incrediblepopularity and following that Planet ofthe Apes garnered way back in 1968. A franchise that would, like Star Wars after it, spawn near onendless sequels, TV shows and all manner of merchandising and is still makingbig money at the box office today. Then,Star Wars, in 『77 followed swiftly by Alien,released two years later in 79, would ensure that sci-fi and cult cinema werehighly bankable. Cult would continue to blossom in the 80』s with thecontinuation of the Star Wars saga,the continuing sequels of Alien andall manner of cult sci-fi and action, such as Predator, Robocop and the films of John Carpenter and the Mad Max series.

至此，「星戰」在90年代實現回潮，同時伴隨著科幻片和「邪典」電影成為真正意義上的大熱門。事實上，「邪典」在90年代實現了爆炸式的激增，「非主流」、怪異、「邪典」日益變成時髦。從70年代的問世，到90年代的爆紅，「星戰」的發展軌跡和1968年的《人猿星球》（Planet of Apes）有些相似，後者孵化出數不清的相關電視劇集以及衍生品，而且重啟的新版依然賺得盆滿缽滿。1977年問世的第一部《星球大戰》和稍後一點的《異形》（1979）證明了科幻邪典片是非常有利可圖的類型，80年代加入這個行列的《鐵血戰士》、《機械戰警》以及約翰·卡朋特（JohnCarpenter）的系列作品與「瘋狂的麥克斯」系列，都預示著科幻片是電影市場的下一片「紅海」。

The late 90』s would see a mass resurgence of cultpopularity with the re-release of the original Star Wars films in 『97, followed by the Phantom Menace in 『99. But what really made cult huge in the 90s,was The Matrix. The release of which made geekiness and the alternative cool.Cult had always been loved particularly from the 80』s but the emergence of The Matrix, the reissue of Star Warsfollowed swiftly by the prequels and the popularity of Tarantino meant cult hadreally exploded into the mainstream. Geekiness became cool. Widely accepted bymass audiences, financially viable, mainstream. The alternative boomed and hascontinued to boom as mainstream trend has converged with cult cinema. It wasthe 90s that saw Tarantino soar with his alternative cult style and what wouldfollow into the noughties would be a mainstream fascination with cult cinema.Particularly in sci-fi and grindhouse cinema through Tarantino』s and Rodriguez』exploration into Grindhouse cinema with Death Proof and Planet Terror.

90年代晚期見證了邪典從小眾變為潮流。1997年重新發行「星戰」正傳三部曲，緊接著1999年上映了「星戰」前傳三部曲的第一部《魅影危機》（Phantom Menace）。《黑客帝國》（The Matrix）讓「邪典」真正走到主流市場的聚光燈下，極客成為一種時髦。隨著《黑客帝國》的興起，「星戰」前傳的開拍，以及塔倫蒂諾的走紅，曾經的「邪典」在審美上為大眾所喜聞樂見，經濟上有利可圖，很難講是主流文化對「邪典」進行收編，還是「邪典」主動匯入了主流文化。觀眾對「邪典」的興趣日益高漲，科幻片與磨坊電影（grindhousecinema）如雨後春筍，最具代表性的便是塔倫蒂諾與羅德里格茲惡搞翻拍的B級片《金剛不壞》（Death Proof）和《恐怖星球》（Planet Terror）。

The fact is that Star Wars was cult. So wereSuperheroes. As well as the genres that have now pushed their way into or beenexploited, depending on how you want to view it, by the mainstream. Thealternative genres of fantasy, sci-fi and dystopia have become the mainstreamgenres. Cult has become cool, has become hip and has become financially viable.Cult cinema is big business. If George had kept making them, Star Wars wouldremain cult. With all the hallmarks that come with the genre. As the prequelsdid: Ropey dialogue; check. Poor visuals that age terribly; check. Nonsensicalmoments and yet still garnering a cultish devotion among the fringes of thecinema going public? 『We want our Ewan McGregor Obi Wan Kenobi film now!』 …Check, check, check.

不能否認，《星球大戰》確實曾是「邪典」，和「超級英雄」一樣。而今日，卻只是被主流文化剝削的一種亞類型，幻想、科幻和反烏托邦被一一拍到江郎才盡——「邪典」電影變成一門生意。話說回來，如果盧卡斯能夠繼續接受「星戰」，也許還能保存一點最初的「邪典性」。畢竟，前傳雖然口碑不如正傳，但是老套的對白、粗糙的特效、多餘的鏡頭等等，都是「星戰」不可磨滅的痕迹，也是粉絲魂牽夢繞的地方。「我們想看歐比旺的獨立電影！」聽聽粉絲們的呼籲，就知道這個文本還在發揮著未盡的餘熱。

Vader Was My Father: Star Wars and the Oedipus Complexin western family

維達是我父:《星球大戰》對西方家庭關係的精準複述

Cult cinema stays with you. Even if you forget aboutit for a time, your cult love will come right back to you when you need itbecause your girlfriend dumped you, or your brother left home for universitywhen you were nine and he was your whole life and the saga of Luke Skywalkerfilled that void in his absence. To me, Vader was my father. He』d messed uppretty bad and we』d had fights. But he was still my dad and there was good inhim. I knew it.

「邪典」一直與你同在。即便有時它已被遺忘在記憶深處，你的「邪典」情結總在你最需要它的時候浮現出來：比如你被女友甩了或者親密無間的哥哥離開家前往大學校園，這段情感的空窗期，彷彿盧克·天行者會與你一同挨過去。於我而言，維達也像我的父親一樣，人生儘是錯處，我站出來與他對抗，但是我知道他內心的那一絲善意。

My brother was Han Solo. The loveable rogue who had togo his own way but would always come back. When it was time for him to leavehome and go to university so that he had to put me off for a year. He used StarWars to explain it to me. 『Just one more season Luke. And you can join theacademy next year.』 He was still my ticket off this damn rock. My wretched hiveof scum and villainy wasn』t the Mos Eisley spaceport; it was Peterborough.

我哥哥就像韓·索羅。惹人喜愛的獨行俠，時而遠去，但是在關鍵時刻會回到我身邊。當他離開家去上大學的時候，他引用「星戰」中的台詞安慰我：「再幾年，盧克，然後你也可以加入星際學院了。」我彷彿每天都站在岩石上，等著夕陽餘暉中的星艦到來，老家變成了破敗的莫斯艾斯利（Mos Eisley）。

（盧克看到兩個落日的經典時刻）

In any givenscenario, there can be a Star Wars』 quote or moment that will see me though theday and help me find a positive outcome from the situation. When I remember,there』s a nostalgic joy that fills my heart. Forget the ships and lightsabers,when it comes down to it, Star Wars is a philosophical tale about family. It』sthat, which makes people love it and connect to it so much; the familiar motif offamily drama that has been told and re-told through literature and popular art.Filtered and obscured through a spaceship extravaganza. And so entwined withthe characters are the series』 fans, that the connection felt for them is adeep one. When Carrie Fisher, the series enigmatic heroine, passed away lastyear, it was a loss that cut many to the core. We didn』t just lose a film』sPrincess. We lost our Princess.

在很多的情景腳本中，都可以找到一句適當的「星戰」語錄，來緩解困境，自我安慰，召喚積極的心態。每當此時，一種歡愉的鄉愁就會從我的內心升起。刨除飛船和光劍，《星球大戰》其實對西方社會家庭倫理關係的具體復刻，似乎是引發其觀眾共鳴的源頭，父子關係是西方文學與通俗藝術永遠的母題，在科幻外衣之下格外動人。影迷與角色感同身受。當塑造了極富吸引力的蕾婭公主的凱莉·費雪去年仙逝，對於影迷來說是心碎的，我們不僅是失去了一位電影中的公主，我們失去了自己的公主。

My cultishdevotion to Star Wars was dominated by the series』 dramatic comeback in the 90s』when I was a child. Now it is time for the next generation to explore andlocate their own self-projection in the Disney patented Star Wars. It』s aprofound world, with a potentially limitless vertical climb of perspectives andinterpretations. In this sense, Star Wars is cult with infinite potential.

如同90年代，與我同齡的一代人在「星戰」回潮中重溫「邪典」熱情，是時候讓下一輩在迪士尼化的「星戰」中找尋自己的足跡。一個得以垂直衍生出多重視角，而供幾代人在其中徜徉探索的世界觀，從這個意義上說，《星球大戰》具有永恆的「邪典」潛力。