為什麼男性比女性更喜歡運動？

來源：中國科技網

[導讀]體育運動是非常流行的，但是它有一個特別之處，那就是男孩和男人通常比女孩和女人更喜歡參與各類運動。

中國科技網5月6日報道（張微 編譯）體育運動是非常流行的，但是它有一個特別之處，那就是男孩和男人通常比女孩和女人更喜歡參與各類運動。這種性別差異有政策暗示，同時也向我們提出一個根本性的問題，為什麼運動會存在這種天然的性別差異。雖然許多學科的專家們已經探討了體育參與度的性別差異，但是很好有人從更廣泛的意義上，進化的角度來解釋這個問題。最近Deaner, Balish, 和 Lombardo (2016)撰寫了評論文章，發表在《進化行為科學》期刊上，綜合分析了相關理論和實證研究。

首先，作者認為，女性在運動方面處於劣勢，無論是作為參與者還是觀眾，這不僅僅是女性的參與機會少所決定，普遍反映了她們缺乏運動興趣。此外，這種性別差異在目前為止所描述的所有社會形態中都存在，從狩獵採集者到大型的當代社會。例如，根據現有資料，每個社會中，在頻率和參與時間方面，男性參與體育運動至少是女性的兩倍。

其次，作者探討了體育運動的適應性和功能性假設。這些假設是為什麼人類進化傾向於對運動感興趣，特別是這種傾向在多大程度上影響生存和繁衍的可能性。其中有兩個假設與男性和女性都相關。一個假設是，群體間需要結盟的重要性，另一個假設是發展社交和運動技能的需要。第三個假設認為，參與運動競賽的個體，能夠贏得地位，而未參加運動的人通過監測運動成績能夠評估潛在的競爭對手和盟友。有證據表明，這個假設主要適用於男性。第四個假設是運動的目的是求愛，參與者相當於把自己吸引力向異性做廣告。這一假設有效地解釋了女性運動興趣的某些方面。

最後，作者研究了最近或近期運動興趣性別差異的原因。雖然人們常常認為，社會實踐是造成這種性別差異的根本原因，但是社會化在運動中所起作用的證據尚不明確。特別是，沒有實驗研究或系統性的歷史數據對比顯示出顯著的性別差異。此外，還有一些研究表明，在出生之前的產前荷爾蒙就導致了男性對運動更感興趣。

A sex difference in sports interest: What does evolution say?

Sports are enormously popular, and one striking pattern is that boys and men are typically much more involved than are girls and women. This sex difference has policy implications, and it raises fundamental questions about the nature of sex differences. Although scholars from many disciplines have explored sex differences in sport involvement, few have addressed the issue from a broad, evolutionary perspective. A recent review article by Deaner, Balish, and Lombardo (2016), published in Evolutionary Behavioral Sciences, synthesizes the relevant theoretical and empirical work.

First, the authors demonstrated that females" underrepresentation in sport—both as participants and spectators—generally reflects their lesser sports interest, not merely fewer opportunities for involvement. Moreover, this sex difference occurs in all societies described thus far, from hunters and gatherers to large contemporary societies. For example, in every society with available data, males participate in sports at least twice as much as females in terms of frequency or duration.

Next, the authors explored adaptive, functional hypotheses for sports. These are accounts of why humans would have evolved dispositions to be interested in sports, particularly how such dispositions could have affected the likelihood of survival and reproduction. Two hypotheses seem relevant for both males and females. One hypothesis focuses on the importance of needing to ally with coalitions in between-group contexts, while the other emphasizes the need to develop social and motor skills. Another hypothesis holds that individuals compete in sports to gain status and that nonparticipants monitor sports performances so they can evaluate potential competitors and allies. The evidence indicates that this hypothesis applies chiefly to males. A fourth hypothesis is that sports serve as courtship displays that advertise participant quality to the opposite sex. This hypothesis effectively explains some aspects of females" sports interest.

Finally, the authors examined the proximate or near-term causes for the sex difference in sports interest. Although it is often assumed that socialization practices entirely cause this sex difference, the evidence that socialization plays a role remains equivocal. In particular, no experimental manipulation or systematic historical comparison has ever shown a decrease in the sex difference. Moreover, several studies indicate that prenatal hormones contribute to males" greater sports interest.

The take-home points from this review are that the sex difference in sports interest is (1) substantial and widespread, (2) partly due to evolutionary pressures that differentially affected males and females, and (3) unlikely to be fully overturned by socialization. These points challenge the bedrock assumptions of many scholars and policy makers. Most notably, Title IX is a U.S. law that prohibits sexual discrimination in educational opportunities, including sports, and Title IX is generally implemented under the assumption that females" sports interest is intrinsically equal to that of males. The present research indicates that this implementation may require revision.

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