失業了，你還回得去家嗎？

最新 06-29

本篇預計學習

分鐘

「

就業，是每一個畢業生最終都要面臨的問題。剛入學時我們聽說今年是最難就業的一年，過了一年後又有了更難就業的一年，畢業時又是就業難。

似乎每一年都是大學生的「最難就業年」，總有學生會陷入失業的困局，這會怎樣影響他們呢？家庭的幫助又會造成什麼結果？讓我們來了解一下吧~

」

How unemployment affects twenty somethings self-worth

失業會怎樣影響青年人的自我價值感

【1】Does unemploymentthreatenyoung adults developing confidence? Should parents come to theiraidby providing financial help or inviting them to live at homefor a while?

twenty somethings：二十多歲的人

self-worth：自尊，自大，自負

threaten：威脅

aid：幫助，助手，外援

for a while：暫時，一會兒

失業會威脅青年人的自信心嗎？父母應該給予他們金錢援助或請他們來家裡住一段時間嗎？

【2】These questions are important, since rates of unemployment for young people (ages 16-24) in the United States are typically double those for the entirelabor force(in both good and bad economic times), and since returning home after unemployment or other difficulties is also becoming quiteprevalent. Both unemployment and the 「failure to launch」jeopardizethetransitionto adulthood, as many young people, facing limited job prospects, delay finishing school,postponeestablishing their ownhouseholdsand starting families, and remainfinanciallydependent.

labor force：勞動力

prevalent：流行的，盛行的; 普遍存在的，普遍發生的

[例句]This condition is more prevalent in women than in men.

這種病症在女性當中比在男性當中更為普遍。

jeopardize：危及，損害; 使陷入險境或受傷; 使…遇險

[例句]The talks may still be jeopardized by disputes.

會談仍有可能因存在爭端而破裂。

transition：過渡，轉變，變遷

[例句]The transition to a multi-party democracy is proving to be difficult.

事實證明，向多黨民主制的轉型非常艱難。

postpone：使延期，延緩; 把…放在次要地位; 把…放在後面

[例句]He decided to postpone the expedition until the following day

他決定把探險推遲到第二天。

household：家庭

financially：財政上，金融上，經濟上

[例句]Life for the successful doctor can be emotionally and financially rewarding.

對於事業有成的醫生來說，生活在精神和物質兩方面都能令人滿足。

這些問題很重要，因為無論經濟好的時候還是壞的時候，美國16-24歲的年輕人的失業率都是全體勞動力的兩倍。失業或者遇到其他的困難之後直接回家這種現象已經變的很普遍。年輕人因為失業或者未能適應離家影響了向成人世界的轉變，他們面臨工作前景差，推遲畢業，推遲結婚建立家庭，經濟不能獨立等許多問題。

［3］A long history of research confirms that, as might be expected in a highlyindividualisticsociety, adults tend to blame themselves when unemployment strikes, increasing the risk of depression anddespair. As unemployment continues, individuals may be considered less "employable" and may either remainjoblessor enter a lower paying job.

Individualistic：個人主義的

[例句]Most artists are very individualistic

大多數藝術家都非常強調個人獨特性。

despair：絕望

employable：稱職的，有資格任職的，可僱用的，具備受雇條件的

jobless：無業的，失業的，沒有工作的

研究表明，也是在高度個人主義的社會裡可以預料到的——很多成年人面臨失業的時候，都會趨向於責備自己，然後他們變的更加沮喪和絕望。隨著失業的持續，個人會被認為更難以就業，或是繼續失業，或是屈就一個低薪的工作。

［4］Young workers may be no different. Even though unstable work histories are common in the early stage of one』s career, economicself-sufficiencyandresidentialindependence are widely acceptedmarkersof adulthood that are threatened by unemployment. Those who do not achieve these and othernormativeadult markers by theirmid-to-latetwenties may question whether they are, in fact, adults.

self-sufficiency：自給自足，自立

residential：住宅的，適於作住宅的; 與居住有關的; 適宜作住宅的

[例句]Fontbonne is a liberal arts college, located in a residential suburb of St. Louis.

芳邦大學是一所文科大學，位於聖路易斯市郊的居民區。

marker：（品質或特點的）標誌，代表

normative：標準的，規範的

[例句]Methods employed include logical analysis and normative analysis.

研究方法：邏輯分析和規範分析。

mid-to-late：中下旬，中晚期

年輕的工作者沒有什麼不同。一個人事業剛開始時，工作不穩定很常見，但是經濟自足和住房獨立都被認為是成年的象徵，而這些都會受到失業的威脅。25-30歲還未能夠滿足這些條件或其他標準的成年人標誌的人，就會開始自我懷疑，懷疑自己到底是不是一個成年人。

［5］Our research considered whether young adults』 sense of confidence in themselves declinesin the face ofunemployment. We drew on a unique dataarchive, theYouth Development Study(YDS), which has monitored the employment status (employed, unemployed, out of the labor force) of acohortof more than 1,000 youth inSt. Paul,Minnesotaas they moved fromadolescenceto adulthood. The members of this cohort were born in 1973-74, entered high school (9th grade) in the Fall of 1987 (when we began to study them), were set for graduation in 1991, and entered the full-time labor force during the relativelyprosperousdecade of the 90s.

in the face of：面對，面臨

archive：存檔，檔案文件; 檔案室

[例句]I decided I would go to the Archive the next day and look up the appropriate issue.

我決定第二天去檔案館查找對應的問題。

Youth Development Study：青年發展研究

cohort：一群人; 同夥，共犯; 支持者

[例句]Drake and his cohorts were not pleased with my appointment.

德雷克那一幫人對我的任命很不滿。

St. Paul, Minnesota：聖保羅明尼蘇達州

adolescence：青春期; 青年期

[例句]Some people become very self-conscious in adolescence.

有些人在青春期會變得異常害羞。

prosperous：富裕的; 繁榮的，興旺的; 幸福的，運氣好的; 良好的

[例句]The place looks more prosperous than ever.

這地方顯得空前繁榮。

我們的研究考慮了年輕人面對失業的自信心是否會下降。我們採用了一類特別的數據——青年發展研究，該數據監控了聖保羅明尼蘇達州超過1000名青年人從青年期到成年期的就業情況（就業，失業還是非勞動力）。這群人都出生在1973年到1974年間，在1987年秋天（這時我們開始研究他們）進入高中（九年級），1991年畢業，在90年代相對繁榮的時期成為全職勞動力。

［6］We began our observations of unemployment andparentalassistanceat age 21-22 (1995), when manyprerogativesof adulthood begin, and ended our observations a decade later, at age 31-32 (in 2005, before the recentGreat Recessionbegan).

parental：父母的

[例句]Medical treatment was sometimes given to children without parental consent

有時未徵得家長同意就對孩子進行了藥物治療。

assistance：援助，幫助

Prerogative：特權，君權，天賦的特權（能力等）; 特性，特點，顯著的優點

[例句]It is your prerogative to stop seeing that particular therapist and find another one.

你有權決定不再去看那個治療師而另找一個。

Great Recession：經濟大衰退

我們首先觀察的是21-22歲（1995年）的時候，也就是他們開始獲得成年期特權的時候，觀察到他們31-32歲（2005年，大衰退開始前），觀察這些人在不同時期的失業率以及從父母那裡得到的補助。

［7］The survey wasadministeredseven times over the 11-year study period. We recorded the number of months of unemployment for each individual, and whether they received financial or residential assistance from their parents during unemployment. We also measured theirself-efficacy, or the belief that one can accomplish the goals one sets, by looking at how they answered seven questions in the survey that focused on this. For example,respondentshad to agree or disagree, more or less strongly, to statements like 「I can do just about anything Iset my mind todo」 and 「What happens to me in the future mostly depends on me.」

administer：管理，執行，給予

self-efficacy：自我效能

[例句]Objective: To explore the relationships between students in the Teacher Colleges general self-efficacy and setbacks coping styles.

目的：探討高師生一般自我效能感和挫折應對方式的相互關係。

respondent：回答者

[例句]60 percent of the respondents said they disapproved of the president s performance.

60%的調查對象表示不認可總統的表現。

set one s mind to：下定決心

在過去的11年，一共調查了7次，記錄的數據有每個人失業的時間，以及期間是否接受父母的經濟以及住房上的幫助。另外還通過觀察他們如何回答由此提出的7個問題，來衡量他們的自我效能或對自己能夠完成設立目標的信心。例如，回答者必須對「我決定做就能做成；未來掌握在自己的手中」這樣的句子是否同意以及強烈程度。

［8］Analyzing how unemployment, bothdimensionsof parental help, and self-efficacy changed over time, we were able toassesswhether youth suffered declines in self-efficacy during periods of unemployment, or when they were receiving parental help (and whether their sense of efficacy was stronger otherwise). Because the sense of self-confidence may be influenced by many other circumstances during this transitionalphaseof life, weaccounted forbackground factors (e.g., parental education and income, the structure of the family of origin, gender, andminoritystatus), as well as life events and experiences (including schoolattendance, educationalattainment, family formation, and serious illness).

dimension：維度，程度，量度

[例句]He considers the dimensions of the problem

他考慮了問題的嚴重程度。

assess：評定，估價

phase：階段

account for：導致，解釋，對……有責任

minority：少數，少數民族

attendance：出席率，出席，參加

attainment：達到，獲得，成就

從父母幫助和自我效能兩個維度分析失業率隨時間變化的原因，我們能夠評估青年在失業期間的自我效能感是否下降，或者當他們接受父母的幫助時（他們的效能感是否更強）。因為自信心可能會受這個過渡階段許多其他情況的影響，我們考慮了背景因素（例如，父母的受教育水平以及收入，家庭原始構成，性別以及是否為少數民族），還考慮到了生活經歷（包括上學情況，教育程度、家庭組成和疾病困擾等）。

［9］We found that unemployment reduced young adults』 self-efficacy whether or not it was accompanied by parental support. Each month of unemployment decreased the young adult』s self-efficacy below the individual』s average self-confidence over the entire study period. Parents』 financial contributions also had a negative effect on self-efficacy, but their housing support (when a young adult lived with them) did not. These negative effects of unemployment and parental financial support were the same for young men and women.

我們發現無論父母會否給予幫助失業都會減少青年人的自我效能。每一個月的失業都會把年輕人的自信心降到整個研究周期個體自信心的平均值之下。父母的經濟援助也會對自我效能有負的影響，但是他們的房屋支持（當一個青年人和父母住在一起）卻不會。失業和父母經濟援助的這些負影響對於青年男女是一樣的。

［10］Thus, just like their oldercounterparts, we suggest that youth tend to think they are at fault when they suffer job loss. Parental financial support also appears to reduce their confidence in being able to achieve their goals. But why isn』t living with one』s parents similarlydetrimental? This is probably because parental financial and housing support arise in response to different circumstances.

counterpart：極相似的人或物

[例句]The Foreign Secretary telephoned his Italian counterpart to protest.

外交部長致電義大利外長表示抗議。

detrimental：有害的，不利的

[例句]The government s policy of high interest rates is having a detrimental effect on industry.

政府的高利率政策正對工業產生不利影響。

in response to：對…做出反應，應……要求

但是，就像他們的老一輩一樣，我們認為年輕人失業時傾向于歸咎自己、父母的經濟援助也會削減他們對自己能否達成目標的自信心，但是為什麼和父母一起居住卻不如此呢？這可能是因為父母的經濟援助和提供住所面對的情況不同。

［11］Previous YDS research found that parents came to the aid of their young adult children who become unemployed by giving them money for living expenses. But parents provided residential support in other circumstances—when youth suffereda variety of negative life events(e.g., a serious illness, a romantic breakup,victimization, etc.) and when they were attending school. Returning to the parental home under these circumstances, often beyond an individual』s control, likely wouldn』tprecipitatethe same level of self-blame as the loss of a job, for which the person might be perceived as more responsible. Finally, young adults who live at home may pay for at least some of their expenses: some pay "rent", do some housework, or contribute to the family』s functioning in other ways.Unemployed youth, in contrast, cannot immediatelyreciprocatetheir parents』 financial contributions.

a variety of：各種各樣的

negative life events：負性生活事件，消極生活事件

victimization：迫害，犧牲

precipitate：使（通常指不好的事件或形勢）突然發生

reciprocate：報答，回報

過去青年發展研究曾發現父母通過給生活費來幫助他們年輕的失業的孩子，但是父母提供住所是在其他情況下——當青年人遭受了各類負面的生活事件（像是生重病、分手、遭到迫害等），或者是上學的時候。回到父母家住，通常都是超出個人把控範圍的，因此不會產生與失業同樣的自責。失業的時候，個人的責任會更大一些。最後，在家住的孩子們，會適當的交些費用，或者通過做家務償還「房租」，或者通過一些其他的方式回報父母。而失業的青年人，相反地，不能立刻回報父母的經濟援助。

［12］This topic needs further research. These findings are based on a single cohort of young people initially residing in St. Paul, Minnesota, and should bereplicatedwith a nationally representative sample. Importantly, the period of study did not capture the Great Recession, and the effects of unemployment could differ when there are far more unemployed young people. We also could not study the circumstances of unemployment—for example, whether the youth were unemployed because theyquita job or wereterminatedby their employer. Future studies should also investigate how a person』s self-efficacy influences work-related behaviors, such as goal-setting, job searching, and returning to school toaugment credentialsand skills.

replicate：複製，重複

quit：離開，放棄，辭職

terminate：解僱，結束，終結

augment：增強，增加，提高

credentials：證書; 憑證，證件

[例句]I can testify to the credentials of the clientele.

我可以證明委託人的資質。

這個話題需要更廣泛的研究，這些發現是基於最初居住在明尼蘇達州聖保羅市的一組年輕人，應該被拓展到具有代表性的全國樣本。重要的是，研究的時間沒有涉及到經濟衰退期，那個時候失業人數更多，應該會有不同的結果。我們也沒有研究失業的情況——例如，年輕人失業是因為他們辭職了還是被老闆開除了？未來的研究應該調查一個人的自我效能對工作的影響——工作相關的行為，比如設立目標、工作搜尋和回到學校獲取更多的證書和技能。

［13］Yet, despite our study』s limitations and the work that still needs to be done, this research is important. Youth unemployment and parental financial support may have short-term negativepsychologicalconsequences, in that they undermine a sense of efficacy. They may also have long-term detrimental effects on employment.

psychological：心理的; 精神上的，精神（現象）的; 心理學（上）的; 關於心理學的

[例句]Robyn s loss of memory is a psychological problem, rather than a physical one.

羅賓的失憶是心理問題，而非生理問題。

但是，儘管我們的研究限制以及還需完成的工作，這份研究仍然很重要。失業率和父母的經濟援助對年輕人有短期的心理負作用，他們的效能會被削弱。這些也可能對就業有長期的不利影響。

［14］While sociologists and economists have given some attention to labor market 「scarring」—the long-term reduction in wages that occurs when young people enter the workforce during periods of high unemployment — less attention has been directed to workers in their twenties and early thirties, who are old enough to be beyond the school-to-work transition, but young enough to avoid age-baseddiscrimination. If young adults are notgainfullyemployed, they cannot achieve objective markers of adulthood, and they may lose out on valuable workplace experiences (e.g., skill development, the formation of work-related ties and social capital).

scarring：傷疤

[例句]Fallopian tube scarring can cause infertility and ectopic pregnancy.

輸卵管瘢痕化會引起不育和異位妊娠。

discrimination：歧視; 辨別，區別; 辨別力，識別力; 不公平的待遇

[例句]She is exempt from sex discrimination laws.

她免受性別歧視法的追究。

gainfully：有利益地，有收入地

[例句]Clearly there was nothing that could gainfully be said.

顯然，說什麼都沒有用了。

儘管社會學家和經濟學家對勞動市場的「傷疤」——年輕人在高失業率的時候進入職場，會面臨長期工資下滑現象——給予了一些關注，但他們對二三十歲的工作者關注相對較少，這些人成熟到已經度過了學校向社會轉型的階段，但是也不會因為年齡遇到差別待遇。如果年輕人不能夠成功的進入職場，那麼就不能擁有成人的標籤，也會失去很多寶貴的職場經驗，如技能發展、工作關係與社會資本的形成。

［15］In sum, we think that unemployment has thepotentialtoerodethe young adult』s confidence in two ways: first, by delaying or preventing successful adult transitions (e.g., economic self-sufficiency, marriage,parenthood, etc.); and second, by providing the occasion for parental financial assistance thatundercutsthe youth』sautonomyand independence. Interventions to reduce the risks of youth unemployment and to make it easier to return to work are urgently needed.

potential：潛能，潛力

[例句]The city s problems are symptomatic of the crisis that is spreading throughout the country.

該市的問題是正在全國蔓延的危機的徵兆顯現。

erode：侵蝕，腐蝕；逐漸毀壞；削弱，損害

[例句]By 1980, Miami beach had all but totally eroded

到1980年，邁阿密海灘已經完全風蝕了。

parenthood：為人父母，父母身份

undercut：削弱，破壞

autonomy：自主權; 自治，自治權; 自治國，社區，或集團等; 人身自由

[例句]Activists stepped up their demands for local autonomy last month.

上個月激進分子對地方自治的呼聲更高了。

總的來說，我們認為失業可能以兩種方式侵蝕青年人的信心：一，推遲或阻止成功的成人轉變（如經濟自給自足、結婚、成為父母等）；二，使父母可能向青年人進行經濟援助，而削弱了青年人的自主性和獨立性。迫切需要採取措施減少青年失業的風險，使其更容易重返工作崗位。