0611期經濟學人封面文章

筆記使用指南：

高亮部分：藍色---主旨句

黃色---生詞好詞高頻詞

綠色---邏輯提示詞

灰色---重點句型

玫紅色---寫作素材（好詞佳句）

生詞部分：重點釋義解析&例句

拓展生詞短語

下劃線部分：論點&例子（觀點論據）

段落內部紅色標註：邏輯分析，有助於上下文理解

GIF/1K

As withcar accidents or cyber-attacks,perfect security is unattainable.Butan approach based on 「defence in depth」, combining technology, policy, education and human oversight, can minimise risk and harm.

和車禍或網路攻擊一樣，絕對的安全是無法實現的。不過，將技術、政策、教育和人力監督結合起來的「縱深防禦」法可以將風險和危害降至最低。

Often,commercial self-interestgives an incentive for the technology companies to act.Althoughfake news is popular andengaging迷人的, and provides opportunities to fill advertisingslots,it is bad for the technology giants』 reputations.Accordingly因此,Google and Facebookare doing more to cut off fake-news sites from their advertising networks, build new tools toflag標示/標出dubious可疑的stories and warn readers of them, and establish links with fact-checking organisations.

通常，自身的商業利益會激勵科技公司採取行動。假新聞雖然受歡迎、有吸引力，且有利於賣廣告，但對科技巨頭的聲譽不利。因此，谷歌和Facebook正在做出更多努力，禁止假新聞網站使用它們的廣告服務，創造新工具來標記可疑內容及警示讀者，還與事實核查機構合作。

Slot: N-COUNT A slot in a schedule or programme is a place in itwhere an activity can take place.時段

?Visitors can book a time slot a week or morein advance.來訪者們可以提前一周或一周以上預約一個時段。

When self-interest is not enough, governments canprodthe firms totighten up—asGerman lawmakers have,threatening huge fines. Under a voluntary agreement with European regulators,the big firms have set a target of reviewing審查(and, when appropriate,removing) within a day at least 50% of content flagged by users as hateful orxenophobic恐懼外國人的. The latest figures show thatFacebookreviewed 58% of flagged items within a day,up from 50% in December. ForTwitter, the figure was 39%, up from 24%. (YouTube』s score fell from 61% to 43%.)

當自身利益驅動不足時，各國政府可以像德國的立法機構那樣，督促科技公司加強管理，以巨額罰款相威脅。根據大型科技公司與歐洲監管機構達成的一項自願協議，這些公司已經設定了目標，在一天之內審查（並在適當時刪除）至少50%被用戶標記為涉仇恨或仇外情緒的內容。最新數據顯示，Facebook在一天之內審查了58%的已標記內容，高於去年12月的50%。推特的審查率是39%，去年12月則是24%。（YouTube的數字則從61%下降到43%）。

The strongest measure is new laws.In 2002,for example,Britainmade internet service providers (ISPs)互聯網服務供應商liable for child pornography if they did not take it down 「expeditiously」.The ISPs used a charity to compile a list of blocked URLs網站鏈接that it updated twice daily. The charity works closely withlaw-enforcement agencies執法機構in Britain and abroad.Similarly,American lawmakershaveclamped down oncopyright infringement.

最強有力的措施就是制定新法律。例如，2002年英國立法規定，互聯網服務提供商（ISP）如不「快速」撤除兒童色情內容，將負法律責任。互聯網服務供應商請了一家公益機構來編製應阻止的網址黑名單，每天更新兩次。該機構與英國及海外的執法機構有緊密的合作關係。同樣，美國立法機構也已在加強打擊侵犯版權的行為。

Prod: to make someone do something by persuading or reminding them that it is necessary, especially when they are lazy or unwilling激勵；促使，督促prod sb into (doing)sth

?The strike may prod the government into action .那場罷工可能會促使政府採取行動。

xenophobic /?z?n??f??b?k/ ADJ If you describe someone as xenophobic,you disapprove of them because they show strong dislike or fear of people fromother countries.排外的;有恐外症的

?Service in the armed forces gave many Americans a less xenophobic view of the world.在武裝部隊的服役使得許多美國人有了較不排外的世界觀。

expeditiously[?eksp? d???sli]adv. in a quick and effective way

【正式】迅速而有效地

All issues presented to the court are considered as fairly and expeditiously as possible.向法庭提交的所有問題都得到了儘可能公正和迅速有效的審議。

clamp down：phr v to take firm action to stop a particular type of crime取締；壓制；鉗制；鎮壓

?The police are clamping down on drink-driving offenders.警方正在嚴厲打擊酒後駕車者。

It』s no longer 2005

As in the offline world, legislators muststrike a balancebetween security and liberty.Especially after attacks, whengovernmentswant to be seen to act, they may be tempted to imposeblanket bans全面禁止on speech. Instead, they should set out to be clear andnarrow精密的about what is illegal—which will also help platforms deal with posts quickly and consistently. Even then, the threshold between free speech andincitementwill be hard to define.The aim should be totranslateoffline legal normsintothe cyber domain.

和線下世界一樣，立法者必須在安全與自由之間取得平衡。恐怖襲擊事件發生後，政府尤其想讓公眾看到自己有所行動，可能會想要全面禁止言論。然而，政府該做的其實是明確規定哪些言論屬於非法，這也將有助於平台快速而一致地處理相關帖子。但即便如此，自由言論和煽動性言論還是很難界定。目標應該是如何將線下的法律規範轉化為線上的規則。

Before legislators rush in, they also needto think aboutunintended consequences.If internet firms are threatened with fines, they may simply remove all flagged content, just in case. Regulation that requires lots of staff to take down offensive posts will mosthurt small startups, which can least afford it. Laws mandatingcryptographic密碼的「back doors」 in popular messaging apps wouldweaken security for innocent users.Bad actors有不良企圖的人wouldswitch to unregulated alternativesin countries that are unlikely to help Western governments. They would thus become harder for the intelligence services to watch.

立法機構匆忙行動之前，還需要考慮意想不到的後果。如果互聯網公司有被罰款的可能，它們可能就會把所有標記內容一刪了之，以防萬一。要求安排大量人力刪除攻擊性帖子的法規將極大傷害小型創業公司，因為它們最負擔不起這種成本。在流行通訊應用中強制安裝加密「後門」的法律將削弱無辜用戶的安全。有不良企圖的人會轉而選擇那些在不太可能幫助西方政府的國家裡使用的不受監管的應用，情報部門追蹤起來會更加困難。

Inthe past, internet firms have tended to 「build it first, figure out the ruleslater」.However,the arguments about terrorism and extremist content are astarkreminder嚴酷的提醒that the lawless,free wheeling隨心所欲的era of the early internet isover. Technology firms may find that difficult to accept. But accept it they must, as part of the responsibility that comes with their new-found power and as part of the price of their success.

過去互聯網公司傾向於「先做事，然後再想怎麼合規」。但是，關於恐怖主義和極端主義內容的爭論明確表明，早期互聯網放任自流的自由時代已經結束了。科技公司可能會覺得難以接受，但必須接受——這是伴隨它們新發現的權力而需肩負的責任，也是它們獲得成功需付出的相應代價。

stark /stɑ?k/ 1.ADJ Stark choices or statements are harsh and unpleasant.嚴酷的

?Companies face a stark choice if they want tostay competitive.各公司要想保持競爭力就要面臨一個嚴酷的選擇。

2.ADV嚴酷地：?That issue is presented starkly and brutally by Bob Graham and David Cairns.那個問題被鮑勃·格雷厄姆和戴維·凱恩斯冷酷無情地提了出來。

3.ADJ If two things are in stark contrast to one another, they arevery different from each other in a way that is very obvious. (對比)鮮明的

?...secret cooperation between London and Washington that was in stark contrast to official policy.…倫敦和華盛頓之間的與官方政策明顯相悖的秘密合作。

因為公主號平台設置問題。蘋果手機的同學可以掃描下面的二維碼打賞鼓勵一下小編哦~

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