MOMA當代攝影檔案1960-NOW 檔案：重構歷史

從照片被發明以來，它已經稱為檔案的代名詞了，如今最常見的檔案文件就是照片。照片的特性非常契合檔案用來記錄、分類以及整理知識的功能。檔案攝影由記錄犯罪案件、考古發現等等社會事件發展而來, 通常用於永久性的檔案儲存，給予歷史以可靠性和證據支持，並促進了人類學、社會學和科技的發展。

攝影師從攝影術發明之際便開始探索照片與證據、歷史和信息的關係。在過去的四十年中，由於照片的普及性、大量網路信息的湧現，以及數碼影像的不斷增殖，同時作為主體和形式的檔案變成一個眾矢之的。通過對檔案文件和邏輯組織系統的重新解釋和再應用，藝術家們挑戰了檔案的權威和重要性。

其中一種策略是轉化官方檔案的語境，並製造新的敘事，從而質疑攝影的真實性。加利福尼亞藝術家Larry Sultan和Mike Mandel共同拍攝的「Evidence」便是這種創作方法的先驅。藝術家從公共和私人檔案中梳理了四十萬張照片，從中選出九十九張照片作為最終成書和展覽的集合，從而創造出一中神秘、有趣，甚至充滿幽默感的敘事結構。

而有些藝術家探討的是照片重現歷史的局限性，德國藝術家Michael Schmidt的「U-NI-TY」創作於柏林牆倒塌的第二年，他集合了公共和私人的影像將統一後的德國形象化，並探討了激情澎湃的德國人背後的身份危機。

中國藝術家海波的系列作品「他們」，其中交織了時間和記憶，從個人角度審視了文化大革命，每一對照片都含有一張文革時期紅衛兵合影和一張現代版本的合影，這以鮮明對比凸顯了過去三十年中國社會的現代化，特別是西方化進程。

二十世紀末和新世紀初，公共和個人領域之間的界線越來越模糊，藝術家開始運用個人肖像去體現公共事件。在系列「May, June, July, August」中，藝術家Lorna Simpson從一本ebay買來的相冊著手，在這本1957年的相冊中，一位不知名的洛杉磯女性在照片中擺出各種海報女郎的姿勢，藝術家模仿照片中的場景和姿勢重新演繹了快照內容，給予它們以不同的格調和新的公共職能。

照片擔當了歷史的見證者，自從十九世紀中葉的克里米亞戰爭以來，陰森可怖、充滿暴力的歷史瞬間讓我們意識到記憶和理解之間的差距是如此之大。越南戰場的照片甚至成為左右公眾輿論的關鍵點，從而產生規模浩大的反戰運動。檔案攝影提出了一系列有關作者、權威和圖像閱讀的問題，同時引人反思這一媒介在建構歷史敘事中所發揮的關鍵作用。

Carrie Mae Weems

American, born 1953

卡麗·梅·維姆斯

From here I Saw What Happened and I Cried. 1995

Thirty-four chromogenic color prints with sandblasted text on glass (10 shown)

Gift on behalf of The Friends of Education of The Museum of Modern Art, 1997

Taryn Simon

American, born 1975

塔林·西蒙

Chapter I, A Living Man Declared Dead and Other Chapters I-XVIII. 2011

Three pigmented inkjet prints (213.4×301.6 cm)

Gift of the Fundacion Almine y Bernard Ruiz-Picasso, 2012

Gilles Peress

French, born 1946

吉爾·佩雷斯

The Silence. 1994

Twenty two gelatin silver prints (six shown)

Gift of Susan and Peter MacGill, 2007

Hai Bo

Chinese, born 1962

海波

The No. 6. 1999

Two chromogenic color prints. each (60.9×87.6 cm)

The Family of Man Fund, 2008

Bertien van Manen

Dutch, born 1942

博蒂·范·梅南

Munich, Germany, from the series Give Me Your Image. 2002-05

Chromogenic color print (32.2×48.2 cm)

E. T. Harmax Foundation Fund, 2005

Gay Block

American, born 1942

蓋伊·布洛克

Adele Defarges, France, from the series Rescures: Portraits of Moral Courage in the Holocause. 1988

Chromogenic color print (57.4×47 cm)

Gift of the artist, 1994

Lorna Simpson

American, born 1960

勞娜·辛普森

May, June, July, August #8. 2009

Twelve gelatin prints (12.7×12.7 cm)

Aquired through the generosity of The Contemporary Arts Council of The Museum of Modern Art, 2010

Akram Zaatari

Lebanses, born 1966

阿克朗·扎塔利

After They Got the Right to Arms. Fourteen Young Men Posing with Guns. Early 1970s/2006

Siteen gelatin silver prints (28.8×28.8 cm)

Fund for the Twenty-First Century, 2012

Christian Boltanski

French, born 1944

克莉絲汀·博爾塔斯基

The Storehouse. 1988

Seven gelatin silver prints with seven electric lamps and 192 tin biscuit boxes containing cloth fragments (211.2×375.8 cm)

Jerry I. Speyer Mr. and Mrs. Gifford Phillips, Barbara Jackson, and Arnold A. Saltzan Funds, and purchase, 2989

Carlos Garaicoa

Cuba, born 1967

卡洛斯·加賴科亞

Untitled (L.A.). 2004

Two gelatin silver prints, one with thread and pins (100.3×150.5 cm)

Fund of the Twenty-First Century, 2005

Walid Raad

Lebanese, born 1967

瓦利德·拉德

My neck is thinner than a hair: Engines. 1996-2004

One hundred gelatin silver prints (24×34 cm)

Fund for the Twenty-First Century, 2004

Michael Schmidt

German, 1945-2014

邁克爾·施密特

U-NI-TY. 1991-94

163 gelatin silver prints (thirty-one shown)

Horace W. Goldsmith Fund through Robert B. Menschel and purchase, 1998

Zoe Leonard

American, born 1961

佐伊·倫納德

Analogue. 1998-2009

342 chromogenic color prints and 70 gelatin silver prints

Aquired through the generosity of The Contemporary Arts Counil of The Museum of Modern Art, 2013

David Wojnarowicz

American, 1954-1992

大衛·沃納洛維次

Fourteen gelatin silver prints (99.1×104.8 cm)

The Family of Man Fund, 1991

Roni Horn

American, born 1955

羅尼·霍恩

Still Water. 1999

Eighy offset lithographs (81.6×57.5 cm)

Aquired through the generosity of Kathy and Richard S. Fuld, Jr., 2007

Olafur Eliasson

Danish and Icelandic, born 1967

奧拉維爾·埃利亞松

Jokla Series. 2004

Fourty-eight chromogenic color prints (36×54 cm)

Aquired through the generosity of Jerry I. Speyer, Marie-Josee Kravis, and Micheal Lynne, 2006

Hans-Peter Feldmann

American, born 1969

漢斯-皮特·費爾德曼

11 Pictures. 1973

Artist s Book (9.7×9.8 cm)

The Museum of Modern Art Library, New York, 1986

Takuma Nakahira

Japanese, born 1938

中平卓馬

C-084, from the series Circulation: Date, Olace, Events. 1971

Gelatin silver print, printed 2013 (32.1×48 cm)

David H. McAlpin Fund, 2014

Larry Sultan

American, 1946-2009

拉里·蘇爾坦

Evidence. 1977

Artist s book (23.5×225.5 cm)

The Museum of Modern Art Library, New York, 1987

Rachel Harrison

American, born 1966

雷切爾·哈里森

Voyage of the Beagle. 2007

Fifty-seven pigmented inkjet prints (twelve shown)

Fund for the Twenty-First Century, 2007

Phil Collins

British, born 1970

菲爾·柯林斯

free fotolab. 2009

Eighty 35mm slides (four shown)

Fund for the Twenty-First Century. 2011

Jan De Cock

Belgian, born 1976

簡·德·庫克

Denkmal 11, Museum of Modern Art, 11 West 53 Street, New York, 2008. Diptych 23, Module CCCXX, Module CCCXXI. 2008

Two chromogenic color prints (133×79 cm)

Fund for the Twenty-First Century, 2008

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